Mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe komanso anthu okhala m'derali akutsutsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka ndi madzi a Odemira m'malo obiriwira.
Odemira, Portugal - Atakhala m'nyumba mwake m'mudzi wosambitsidwa ndi zoyera womwe uli m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Alentejo, Inácia Cruz wazaka 92 amakonda kukumbukira nthawi zosavuta.
Iye anati: “Chigawo chimenechi chinali ndi chakudya chochuluka. “Tinkapanga mafuta a azitona, chimanga ndi chimanga. Sitinafunikire kugula zinthu kuchokera kunja. Tinkalima tokha chakudya ndipo anansi ankathandizana.”
Kwa zaka zambiri, adawona kusintha kwakukulu kwa malo a Odemira, tauni yakumidzi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa dera la Alentejo.
M’zaka za m’ma 1960, damu linamangidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Estado Novo, ndi malonjezo akuti ulimi wothirira udzatukula ulimi ndi kupititsa patsogolo ulimi m’madera ouma. Malo osungiramo madziwa adatchedwa mudzi wa Inácia, Santa Clara.
Ngakhale alimi ena adasinthitsa mbewu zothiriridwa m'malo mwa minda yambewu, udzu ndi minda yolima, chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 pamene ulimi wa mafakitale unayamba, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mahekitala mazana ambiri a strawberry greenhouses ndi miliyoneya wabizinesi waku France Thierry Roussel. .
'Nyumba zobiriwira za Frenchman'
"Ena mwa aneba anga amagwira ntchito kumeneko, m'malo obiriwira obiriwira a Mfalansa, koma bizinesi idalephera ndipo sanalipidwe konse malipiro omwe anali nawo," akutero Inácia.
Ngakhale ndi thandizo lochokera ku European Union ndi ndalama zochokera ku boma la Portugal ndi banki ya boma, malo obiriwira obiriwira mahekitala 550 (maekala 1,359) adasokonekera mzaka zochepa chabe, kutha ndi kutaya pafupifupi $30m.
Roussel anathawa ku Portugal, akusiya ngongole zake, nthaka itadzaza ndi pulasitiki komanso nthaka itakokoloka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala agrochemicals.
Koma m'zaka 18 zapitazi, makampani akunja ayambanso kubwereketsa ndalama ku Odemira, kusandutsa derali kukhala likulu laulimi wambiri.
Nyengo yofatsa ya m'derali, yomwe imalola kuti pakhale nyengo yotalikirapo, idayambanso kukopa opanga mabulosi ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana mu 2004, pomwe kampani yaku America ya Driscoll's, kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya mabulosi okhala ndi zovomerezeka, idakhazikitsa malo obiriwira kumeneko kuti adyetse anthu aku Europe omwe amakonda kudya zipatso zatsopano. .
Kupezeka kwa malo, madzi ochokera kumalo osungira madzi a Santa Clara ndi mamiliyoni a mayuro m'zithandizo zaulimi za ku EU kwachititsa kuti kugulitsa zipatso ku Portugal kuchuluke kwambiri pazaka 10 zapitazi, zomwe zikubweretsa pafupifupi ma euro 250 miliyoni ($242m) mu 2020.
Kuposa 90 peresenti ya zipatso zomwe zimapangidwa zimatumizidwa kumpoto kumadera monga Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavia, ndi United Kingdom.
Inácia ikudziwa bwino za kufa kwa njira zakale zolima chakudya m'derali, kutengera mtundu wakale wa silvopastoral womwe umaphatikiza mitengo ya oak ndi zipatso ndi mbewu zodyetsedwa ndi mvula ndi ziweto.
”Tsopano ndi zamanyazi, sitingathe ngakhale kudzidyetsa tokha. Tiyenera kuitanitsa tirigu kuchokera kunja kuti tipange buledi wathu,” Inácia akung’ung’udza mosavomereza, kukana chitsanzo chimene chimapatsa mwayi misika yapadziko lonse pakupanga zinthu mokhazikika m’deralo.
Iye akuti zatanthauzanso kusintha kwa ubale.
“Panali kukoma mtima kowonjezereka. Kuchepa kwa umbombo, kucheperachepera.”
Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana
Ngakhale mudzi wa Inácia uli pafupi ndi malo osungiramo mabulosi osungiramo mabulosi, malo ambiri obiriwira obiriwira adakhazikitsidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mkati mwa Southwest Alentejo ndi Vicentine Coast Natural Park, komwe kuli zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
[”[Kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Alentejo] ndi limodzi mwa madera otetezedwa kwambiri ku Ulaya komanso madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja,” anatero Paula Canha.
Mu 1988, Southwest Alentejo idasankhidwa kukhala malo otetezedwa. Mu 1995, idasinthidwa kukhala malo osungira zachilengedwe ndikuphatikizidwa mu network ya Natura 2000 network ya malo otetezedwa a malo osowa komanso omwe ali pachiwopsezo.
Koma makampani a zaulimi omwe akugwira ntchito m’derali akukana kuti bizinesi yawo ikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, ponena kuti ulimi wamthirira womwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi damulo udayambika kuderali ndipo akuyenera kukhala patsogolo kuposa kasungidwe ka chilengedwe.
”Ulimi ndi wofunikira, koma uyenera kukhala ndi malire. Tiyenera kupeza kulinganiza pakati pa kupanga chakudya ndi kasungidwe,” akutero Canha.
Malo obiriwira obiriwira amaphimba mahekitala oposa 1,700 (maekala 4,200) a malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Mu 2019, boma lidavomereza chigamulo chololeza kuti malo omwe malo obiriwira akhazikitsidwe kuti afikire 40 peresenti ya malo omwe alimidwa mkati mwa paki, ndikulola kuti malo okhala ndi greenhouses akhale pafupifupi katatu mpaka mahekitala 4,800 (maekala 11,861).
Malinga ndi Canha, vuto limodzi lalikulu ndi kusowa kwa malamulo omveka bwino komanso kutsata malamulo.
“Kuyendera kulibe, pali kunyalanyazidwa kwakukulu ndi akuluakulu aboma. Kwa zaka zambiri tinali ndi makampani ophwanya malamulo popanda kulangidwa,” akutero.
Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ku Portugal komanso akuluakulu a paki sanayankhe pempho la Al Jazeera kangapo kuti apereke ndemanga pazovuta zaulimi wokhazikika mdera lotetezedwa. Meya wa Odemira anakana kufunsidwa mafunso.
Kupanga njira zopangira greenhouses
Malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ndi oteteza zachilengedwe, ulimi wochuluka wa monoculture umadalira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala agrochemicals, ndipo kuti akhazikitse nyumba zobiriwira makampani akusalaza pansi, kukhetsa nthaka ndikuphimba ndi pulasitiki.
Madzi okhala ndi feteleza amathamangira m’mitsinje yamadzi n’kulowa m’nthaka, n’kumawononga madzi osoŵa m’derali. Zowonongekazo sizingasinthe.
Kuonjezera apo, Canha akuti, "zambiri mwa malo obiriwirawa akumangidwa pafupi ndi matanthwe, zomwe zikuyambitsa kukokoloka msanga".
“Akuwononga dothi mpaka kufika povuta kulibwezeretsa. Chilichonse chomwe chili pansi pa pulasitiki chimafa. "
Canha anali m'gulu la akatswiri azachilengedwe komanso oteteza zachilengedwe omwe adajambula maiwe osakhalitsa am'deralo aku Mediterranean, malo omwe amakhala otetezedwa pansi pa malamulo adziko ndi ku Europe.
Kwa zaka 20 zapitazi, maiwe ambiri awonongedwa kuti apange malo osungiramo zomera.
"Ngakhale tikuyesetsa kuteteza maiwewa, adapitilirabe kuwonongedwa," akutero Rita Alcazar, wa ku LPN, bungwe loyang'anira zachilengedwe lomwe posachedwapa adasumira kampani ina ya ku Britain yomwe ikuimbidwa mlandu wowononga maiwe asanu kuti azilima sitiroberi. kutumiza ku UK ndi Scandinavia.
M'mawu omwe adatumizidwa ndi imelo okhudza maiwewa, AHSA, bungwe la Odemira la olima zipatso, adauza Al Jazeera "zolakwa zingapo zidachitika m'mbuyomu", koma lero, "makampani akulamulidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri ndi makasitomala". ndi kusunga “miyezo yapamwamba”.
Kutsutsana ndi agribusiness
Sikuti mabungwe a zachilengedwe okha akutsutsa kuwonongedwa kwa malo omwe amakhala patsogolo, kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi.
Pokwiya ndi chisankho cha boma chowonjezera malo omwe malo obiriwira amaloledwa, anthu ambiri ayamba kukonzekera motsutsana ndi mafakitale a zaulimi ku Odemira.
"Derali liyenera kutetezedwa, koma likusiyidwa kuti lithandizire zachuma," atero a Laura Cunha, omwe adalumikizana ndi anthu ena kuti apange gulu la Juntos pelo Sudoeste ("Pamodzi Kumwera chakumadzulo") mu 2019.
Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, akhala akuchita zionetsero, kulemba madandaulo komanso kulumbira kuti adzatengera boma kukhoti pofuna kuteteza zomera ndi zinyama za m’derali.
Makampani a zaulimi akuti akubweretsa ndalama kudera losauka, ndipo ambiri amaona kuti kukula kwa bizinesiyo ndi kopambana.
Koma kwa Juntos pelo Sudoeste, kachitidwe kachuma ka malo obiriwira kwambiri kumadalira kugwiritsa ntchito anthu osamukira kumayiko ena komanso chilengedwe.
Malo obiriwira obiriwira amadalira kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimachokera kunja - kuchokera ku zomera zovomerezeka, zitsulo ndi zophimba zapulasitiki kupita ku agrochemicals - komanso zikwi za wogwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso ndi malipiro ochepa Ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena omwe amabwera makamaka kuchokera ku South Asia kudzathyola zipatso zosalimba kwambiri kuti zikololedwe ndi makina.
"Sizipindulitsa anthu am'deralo, zikuwononga madzi ndi nthaka kuti zilemeretse ochepa okha," Cunha adauza Al Jazeera.
"Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti boma limavomereza izi, ndipo likupitiliza kukondera bizinesi yaulimi," akutero Cunha.
Mu 2017, Prime Minister waku Portugal António Costa adayendera malo obiriwira ku Odemira akupanga raspberries a Driscoll's, ndikuyamika ndalama zakunja m'derali.
Diogo Coutinho, yemwe adayambitsa bungwe la SOS Rio Mira, anati: "Makampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana ali ndi malingaliro ongotengera zinthu, ali pano kuti apindule kwambiri ndi zinthu zakumaloko kenako n'kuchoka," akutero Diogo Coutinho, yemwe adayambitsa bungwe la SOS Rio Mira kuti alimbikitse chitetezo ndi kasamalidwe kabwino ka madzi am'deralo. .
Madzi ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri chifukwa dziko la Portugal ndi Spain akuvutika ndi nyengo youma kwambiri kwa zaka zosachepera 1,200, ndipo mafunde amphamvu komanso chilala chomwe chikukula chikuchulukirachulukira.
Malipoti achenjeza kuti derali lili pachiwopsezo chodzakhala chipululu zaka zana zisanathe. Koma zofuna za madzi m’derali zikuchulukirachulukira.
”Madzi ndi ochepa chifukwa mvula imagwa yochepa. Chifukwa cha kudulidwa kwa nkhalango dothi limakhala losauka ndipo kusungirako madzi kumakhala kochepa. Koma kumwa kwa madzi kukuchulukirachulukira chifukwa ulimi wamba ukukulabe,” akutero Coutinho, yemwe amakhala pafupi ndi dziwe la Santa Clara ndipo wawonapo ena mwa anansi ake akutha madzi.
Madzi a m’damuli anatsika kuchoka pa 96 peresenti mu July 2010 kufika pa 36 peresenti chaka chino.
Malingana ndi Coutinho ndi anthu ena okhalamo komanso ogwira ntchito, vuto ndilo kugawa mopanda chilungamo kwa madzi omwe akuchulukirachulukira, popeza bungwe lomwe limayang'anira zoperekedwa kuchokera ku damu limayang'aniridwa ndi makampani aulimi omwe amawononga pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya madzi.
António Rosa, mlimi amene amalima mtedza ndi mbatata pagawo laling'ono, anali m'modzi mwa anthu 100 a m'deralo omwe analandira kalata yochokera ku bungwe loyang'anira madzi lowachenjeza kuti satenganso madzi m'thawe ndipo adzalandira. ayenera kupeza njira ina yothirira.
"Tikuletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito madziwa kuti apitirize kupereka makampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuno," akutero Rosa.
“Damboli lidamangidwa ndi ndalama za boma koma limayendetsedwa mwachinsinsi. Anamangidwa kuti azipereka alimi m'miyezi yotentha kwambiri, koma makampaniwa amafunikira ulimi wothirira chaka chonse. Awo tima chitsanzo si zisathe, izo kotheratu osagwirizana ndi gawo ndi mikhalidwe ya m'deralo,” iye akutero.
Kwa iye, yankho lake ndikubwerera ku mizu ya derali.
“Tinali kulima mbewu zozolowera minda yowuma. Tidali ndi ufulu wolamulira pazakudya komanso chidziwitso chakumaloko momwe tingathanirane ndi chilala komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino, "akutero. "Tingofunikanso kuyamikira."
Pulojekitiyi idapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi Journalismfund.eu.