Ine Alsina 1, Ieva Erdberga 1*, Mara Duma 2, Reinis Alksnis3 ndi Laila Dubova 1
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia,
2 Dipatimenti ya Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia,
3 Dipatimenti ya Masamu, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
MAU OYAMBA
Kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa zakudya poonetsetsa kuti moyo wa munthu ukhale wabwino ndi wokhazikika, kukakamizidwa pazaulimi monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupeza chakudya chabwino kukukulirakulira. Tomato, monga masamba achiwiri omwe amalimidwa kwambiri [malinga ndi ziwerengero za Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) za 2019], ndi gawo lofunikira pazakudya pafupifupi pafupifupi mayiko onse.
Kuchepa kwa ma calories, kuchuluka kwa fiber, kupezeka kwa mineralelement, mavitamini, ndi phenols, monga flavonoids, kumapangitsa chipatso cha phwetekere kukhala "chakudya chogwira ntchito" chabwino kwambiri chopereka zabwino zambiri pathupi komanso zofunika zopatsa thanzi. (1). Zinthu zopezeka mu tomato, makamaka chifukwa chakuti ali ndi mphamvu zoteteza antioxidant, zimadziwika osati chifukwa chongowonjezera thanzi, komanso ngati njira yochizira matenda osiyanasiyana, monga matenda a shuga, matenda a mtima, ndi poizoni. (2-4). Chipatso cha phwetekere chakucha chili ndi pafupifupi 3.0-8.88% youma zinthu, zomwe zimakhala 25% fructose, 22% glucose, 1% sucrose, 9% citric acid, 4% malic acid, 8% mineralelement, 8% protein, 7% pectin. , 6% ma cellulose, 4% hemicellulose, 2% lipids, ndipo 4% yotsalayo ndi ma amino acid, mavitamini, phenolic compounds, ndi pigments (5, 6). Kapangidwe ka zinthuzi kumasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa genotype, kakulidwe, ndi kukula kwa zipatso. Mitengo ya phwetekere imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kuwala, kutentha, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi mu gawo lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa kagayidwe kazakudya, komwe kumakhudzanso mtundu ndi kapangidwe kachipatso. (7). Mikhalidwe ya chilengedwe imakhudza zonse zokhudza thupi la tomato komanso kapangidwe ka ma metabolites achiwiri. Zomera zomwe zimakula movutikira zimachitapo kanthu powonjezera ma antioxidant (8).
Chiyambi cha tomato monga zamoyo chikugwirizana ndi dera la Central America (9) ndi njira, monga kumanga nyumba zobiriwira kuti zizipereka kutentha koyenera ndi kuwala kwa tomato, nthawi zambiri zimafunika kuti zinthu zizikhala bwino ndi nyengo, makamaka m'nyengo yachisanu ndi nyengo yachisanu. Pazifukwa zotere, kuwala kumakhala nthawi zambiri kumalepheretsa kukula kwa tomato. Kuunikira kowonjezera m'nyengo yachisanu ndi koyambilira kwa masika kumathandizira kupanga matomati apamwamba kwambiri m'nyengo yotentha yadzuwa.
(10) . Kugwiritsa ntchito nyale zokhala ndi kutalika kosiyanasiyana sikungangopangitsa kuti phwetekere azikolola mokwanira, komanso kusintha kaphatikizidwe ka zipatso za phwetekere. Kwa zaka 60 zapitazi, nyale za sodium high-pressure sodium (HPSLs) zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani owonjezera kutentha chifukwa cha moyo wawo wautali wogwira ntchito komanso kutsika kwa mtengo wogula.
(11) . Komabe, m'zaka zapitazi, ma light-emitting diode (LEDs) adziwika kwambiri ngati njira ina yosawonongera mphamvu. (12). Ma LED owonjezera agwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lowunikira bwino kuti likwaniritse zofuna za tomato. Zomwe zili mu Lycopene ndi lutein mu tomato zinali 18 ndi 142% zokwera pamene zinawonetsedwa ndi kuwala kowonjezera kwa LED. Komabe, в-zakudya za carotene sizinasiyane ndi mankhwala opepuka (12). Kuwala kwa buluu ndi kofiira kwa LED kunachulukitsa lycopene ndi в- carotene (13), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chipatso cha phwetekere kuche msanga (14). Shuga wosungunuka wa zipatso za phwetekere zidatsitsidwa ndi kuwala kwanthawi yayitali (FR) (15). Zotsatira zofananazo zidaperekedwa mu kafukufukuyu ndi Xie: kuwala kofiyira kumapangitsa kuti lycopene achuluke, koma kuwala kwa FR kumasintha izi. (13). Palibe zambiri zokhudzana ndi momwe kuwala kwa buluu kumakhudzira kukula kwa zipatso za phwetekere, koma kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kuwala kwa buluu kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi biochemical mu tomato chipatso, koma zambiri pakukula kwa zipatso. Mwachitsanzo, a Kong ndi ena awona kuti kuwala kwa buluu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kuti tomato azitalikitsa moyo wake, chifukwa kuwala kwa buluu kumawonjezera kulimba kwa chipatsocho. (16), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuwala kwa buluu kumachepetsa kupsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti shuga ndi ma pigment achuluke. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zofunda za greenhouse monga njira zowongolera kapangidwe ka kuwala kumatsimikizira njira yofanana. Kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zokhala ndi kuwala kofiira ndi kutsika kwa buluu kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa lycopene ndi 25%. Kuphatikiza ndi photoperiod idakwera kuchokera pa 11 mpaka 12 h, kuchuluka kwa lycopene kumawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 70% (17). Sizotheka nthawi zonse m'kafukufuku kusiyanitsa molondola zotsatira za zinthu pakusintha kwa mankhwala a tomato fruit. Makamaka, m'malo owonjezera kutentha, kuchuluka kwa chipatso kumatha kuonjezedwa ndi kutentha kapena kuchepa kwamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu izi zitha kugwirizana ndi genotypes yeniyeni kumitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso gawo lachitukuko (1, 18). Kuperewera kwa madzi kungapindulitse mtundu wa tomatofruit chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zosungunuka (shuga, ma amino acid, ndi ma organic acid), omwe ndi mankhwala akuluakulu opezeka mu zipatso. Kuchuluka kwa zolimba zosungunuka kumapangitsa kuti zipatso zikhale zabwino chifukwa zimakhudza kakomedwe ndi kakomedwe (8).
Ngakhale kuti lipoti la kuchuluka kwa kuwalako likukhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma metabolite a zomera, kudziwa zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mmene tomato amawongolerera n'kofunika. Mogwirizana ndi izi, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikuwunikanso zotsatira za kuyatsa kwina komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu greenhouse pa kuchuluka kwa ma metabolites a pulaimale ndi achiwiri mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tomato. Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a makina ounikira kumatha kusintha ma metabolites oyambilira ndi achiwiri mu zipatso za tomato. Chidziwitso chopezedwa chithandiza kumvetsa bwino mmene kuwala kumakhudzira ubale pakati pa zokolola ndi khalidwe lake.
ZIDA NDI NJIRA
Zomera Zomera ndi Kakulidwe Kuyesera kunachitika mu greenhouse (4 mm cell polycarbonate) ya Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies 56°39 n23°43’E m'nyengo za 2018/2019, 2019/2020, ndi 2020/2021 mochedwa m'dzinja-koyambirira kwa masika.
Tomato wolumikizidwa mwamalonda (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars “Bolzano F1” (mtundu wa zipatso—lalanje), “Chocomate F1” (mtundu wa zipatso—wofiira-bulauni), ndi mitundu ya zipatso zofiira “Diamont F1,” “Encore F1,” ndi “ Strabena F1" idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chomera chilichonse chinali ndi mitu yotsogola iwiri ndipo pakukula, chidali cholumikizidwa pamakina apamwamba kwambiri. Zomera zomwe zapezedwa, choyamba, zidaziika muzotengera zapulasitiki za 5 L zakuda zokhala ndi gawo laling'ono la "Laflora" peat KKS-2, pH.KCl 5.2-6.0, ndi kagawo kukula 0-20 mm, PG osakaniza (NPK 15-1020) 1.2 makilogalamu mamita-3Ca 1.78%, ndi Mg 0.21%. Zomera zitafika panthambi, zinaziika muzotengera zapulasitiki zakuda za 15 L zokhala ndi gawo limodzi la “Laflora” peat KKS-2. Zomera zinkathiridwa feteleza kamodzi pa sabata ndi 1% solution ya Kristalon Green (NPK 18-18-18) yokhala ndi Mg, S, ndi ma microelements pa nthawi ya kukula kwa zomera komanso Kristalon Red (NPK 12-12-36) yokhala ndi microelements kapena 1 % Ca (NO3)2 pa nthawi yoberekera, molingana ndi 300 ml pa L ya gawo lapansi.
Madzi omwe ali m'matumba a zomera amasungidwa pa 50-80% ya mphamvu zonse zosungira madzi. Avereji kutentha kwa masana/usiku kunali 20-22°C/17-18°C.
Kutentha kwakukulu masana (March) sikunapitirire 32°C komanso kutentha kochepa (November) usiku sikunali <12°C. Kutentha kudayezedwanso pansi pa nyale pa mtunda wa 50, 100, ndi 150 cm kuchokera pa nyali. Zinadziwika kuti pansi pa HPSL 50 cm kuchokera ku nyali, kutentha kunali 1.5°C apamwamba kuposa pansi pa ena. Kusiyana kwa kutentha pamlingo wa zipatso sikunawonekere.
Kuwala kowala
Tomato ankalimidwa mu nyengo ya autumn-kasupe pogwiritsa ntchito kuunikira kowonjezera ndi 16 h photoperiod. Zounikira zitatu zosiyanasiyana zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: Led cob Helle top LED 280 (LED), induction (IND) nyale, ndi HPSL Helle Magna (HPSL). Pamsinkhu wapamwamba kwambiri, zomera zinalandira 200 ± 30 ^mlo m-2 s-1 pansi pa LED ndi HPSL ndi 170 ± 30 ^mlo m-2 s-1 pansi pa nyali za IND. Kugawidwa kwa kuwala kowala kumawonetsedwa muZizindikiro 1,2. Kuwala ndi kufalikira kwa zinthu zowoneka bwino kunazindikirika ndi chogwirizira spectral light meter MSC15 (Gigahertz Optik GmbH, Turkenfeld, Germany, UK).
Nyali zogwiritsidwa ntchito zinali zosiyana ndi kagawidwe kake ka kuwala. Chofanana kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa pagawo lofiyira (625-700 nm) pa sipekitiramuyo chinali HPSL. Nyali ya IND mu gawo ili la sipekitiramu inapatsa kuwala kochepa ndi 23.5%, koma LED inali pafupi kuwirikiza kawiri. Kuwala konyezimira (2-590 nm) kudatulutsidwa kwambiri ndi HPSL, kuwala kobiriwira (625-500 nm) kunkatulutsidwa makamaka ndi IND, kuwala kwabuluu (565-450 nm) kunkatulutsidwa makamaka ndi LED, koma kuwala kofiirira (485 nm) kunali opangidwa makamaka ndi nyali ya IND. Poyerekeza mawonekedwe onse a kuwala kowoneka, gwero la kuwala kwa LED liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndiloyandikira kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndipo IND iyenera kuwonedwa ngati yosayenera kwambiri malinga ndi mawonekedwe.
Kutulutsa ndi Kutsimikiza kwa Phytochemicals
Zipatso za phwetekere zimakololedwa pa nthawi yakucha. Zipatso zinkakololedwa kamodzi pamwezi kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa November ndi kutha mu March. Zipatso zonse zinawerengedwa ndi kulemera. Osachepera, zipatso zisanu kuchokera ku mtundu uliwonse (za cv "Strabena" -5-8 zipatso) zidatengedwa kuti ziwunikidwe. Zipatso za phwetekere anazipera kukhala puree pogwiritsa ntchito blender. Pagawo lililonse lowunikidwa, zobwereza zitatu zinawunikidwa.
Kutsimikiza kwa Lycopene ndi в- Carotene
Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa lycopene ndi в-carotene, chitsanzo cha 0.5 ± 0.001 g kuchokera ku phwetekere puree adayesedwanso mu chubu ndipo 10 mL ya tetrahydrofuran (THF) idawonjezeredwa. (19). Machubu amamata ndikusungidwa mchipinda chozizira kwa mphindi 15, kugwedezeka nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo pamapeto pake amayikidwa pakati kwa mphindi 10 pa 5,000 rpm. Kuyamwa kwa mphamvu zamphamvu zopezedwa kunatsimikiziridwa ndi spectrophotometrically poyesa kuyamwa pa 663, 645, 505, ndi 453 nm ndiyeno lycopene ndi в- carotene (mg 100 ml)-1) adawerengedwa molingana ndi equation ili pansipa.
Clyc = -0.0458 x Aбbz + 0.204 x Aб45 + 0.372 x A505- 0.0806 x A453 (1)
Cgalimoto = 0.216 x A663 - 1.22 x A645 - 0.304 x A505+ 0.452 x A453 (2)
kumene A663, A645, A505, ndi A453—mayamwidwe molingana ndi kutalika kwa mafunde (20).
Lycopene ndi в- kuchuluka kwa carotene kumawonetsedwa ngati mg gF-M1 .
Kutsimikiza kwa Total Phenols
Chitsanzo cha 1 ± 0.001 g kuchokera ku phwetekere puree adayesedwa mu chubu chomaliza maphunziro ndi 10 ml ya zosungunulira (methanol/distilled water/hydrochloric acid 79:20:1) anawonjezedwa. Machubu omaliza adasindikizidwa ndikugwedezeka kwa mphindi 60 pa 20°C mumdima ndiyeno centrifuged kwa mphindi 10 pa 5,000 rpm. Chiwerengero chonse cha phenol concentration chinadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric (21) zosinthidwa: Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (yosungunuka ka 10 m’madzi osungunula) anawonjezedwa ku 0.5 ml ya chotsitsacho ndipo pakatha mphindi 3 kuwonjezera 2 mL ofsodium carbonate (Na2CO3(75 gl)-1). Chitsanzocho chinasakanizidwa ndipo pambuyo pamakulitsidwe 2 h mu firiji mumdima, kuyamwa pa 760 nm kunayesedwa. Kuchuluka kwa phenolic compounds kunawerengeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito curve ya calibration ndi kupeza equation 3, ndikuwonetsedwa ngati gallic acid equivalent (GAE) pa 100 g ya tomato watsopano.
0.556 x (A760 + 0.09) X XUMUM
Phe = 0.556 × (A760 + 0.09) × 100/m (3)
ku A760-mayamwidwe molingana ndi kutalika kwa mafunde ndi m— kuchuluka kwa chitsanzo.
Kuzindikira kwa Flavonoids
Chitsanzo cha 1 ± 0.001 g kuchokera ku phwetekere puree adayesedwa mu chubu chomaliza maphunziro ndipo 10 ml ya ethanol idawonjezeredwa. Machubu omaliza adasindikizidwa ndikugwedezeka kwa mphindi 60 pa 20oC mumdima kenako centrifuged kwa mphindi 10 pa 5,000 rpm. Njira ya colorimetric (22) anagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ma flavonoids ndi zosintha zazing'ono: 2 mL yamadzi osungunuka ndi 0.15 mL ya 5% sodium nitrite (NaNO2) yankho anawonjezedwa kwa 0.5 mL wa Tingafinye. Pambuyo 5 min, 0.15-mL ya 10% solution ya aluminiyamu chloride (AlCl)3) chinawonjezedwa. Chosakanizacho chinaloledwa kuima kwa mphindi 5 ndipo 1mL 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) yankho linawonjezedwa. Chitsanzocho chinasakanizidwa ndipo pambuyo pa mphindi 15 kutentha kwa chipinda, kuyamwa kwa 415 nm kunayesedwa. Chiwerengero chonse cha flavonoid concentration chinawerengeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito calibration curve ndi Equation 4 ndipo zinasonyezedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa katekisimu (CEs) pa 100 g ya kulemera kwa tomato watsopano.
Fla = 0.444 × A415 × 100/m (4)
ku A415-mayamwidwe pa utali wofananira wa wavelength ndi m- kulemera kwachitsanzo.
Kutsimikiza kwa Dry Matter ndi Soluble Solids Dry matter inatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyanika zitsanzo mu thermostat at60oC.
Zonse zosungunuka zosungunuka (zofotokozedwa ngati ◦Brix) adayezedwa ndi refractometer (A.KRUSS Optronic Digital Handheld Refractometer Dr301-95) yolinganizidwa pa 20oC ndi madzi osungunuka.
Kutsimikiza kwa Tittable Acidity (TA)
Chitsanzo cha 2 ± 0.01 g kuchokera ku phwetekere puree adayezedwa mu chubu chomaliza ndipo madzi osungunuka adawonjezeredwa mpaka 20 ml. Machubu omalizawo adamata ndikugwedezeka kwa mphindi 60 pa kutentha kwachipinda, kenaka amayikidwa pakati kwa mphindi 10 pa 5,000 rpm. 5 mL ma aliquots adasinthidwa ndi 0.1 M NaOH pamaso pa phenolphthalein.
TA = VNaOH × Vt/Vs × m (5)
kumene VNaoH-volume yogwiritsidwa ntchito 0.1 M NaOH, Vt-voliyumu yonse (20 mL), ndi Vs-sampled volume (5 mL).
Zotsatira zimawonetsedwa ngati mg wa citric acid pa 100 g ya kulemera kwa phwetekere watsopano. 1 mL 0.1 M NaOH ikufanana ndi 6.4 mg citric acid.
Determination of Taste Index (TI)
TI idawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito equation 6 (23).
TI = ◦Brix/(20 × TA)+ TA (6)
Zosanthula Zosati
Kukhazikika komanso kufanana kwa ziwerengero zofotokozera zidayesedwa pazowonera 354. Mayeso a Shapiro-Wilk adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili bwino pakaphatikizidwe kalikonse kosiyanasiyana ndi chithandizo cha kuwala. Kuti muyerekeze kusiyanasiyana kwa kusiyana, kuyesa kwa Levene kunachitika. Mayeso a Kruskal-Wallis adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika kusiyana pakati pa kuyatsa. Pomwe kusiyana kwakukulu kunazindikirika, kuyesa kwa Wilcoxon post-hoc ndi zokonza za Bonferroni kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pofananitsa pawiri. Mulingo wofunikira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu, matebulo ndi magrafu ndi a = 5%, pokhapokha atanenedwa mosiyana.
ZINTHU
Kukula kwachipatso cha phwetekere ndi zinthu za biochemical ya zipatso zimatsimikiziridwa ndi majini, koma momwe amalima amakhudza kwambiri izi. Zipatso zazikulu kwambiri zimakololedwa ku "Diamont" (88.3 ± 22.9 g) ndipo zipatso zazing'ono kwambiri zimakololedwa ku "Strabena" (13.0 ± 3.8g), zomwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tomato yamatumbuwa. Kukula kwa zipatsozo kunkasiyananso ndi nthawi yokolola. Zipatso zazikuluzikulu zimakololedwa kumayambiriro kwa kukolola ndipo kukula kwa tomato kumachepa pamene zomera zimakula. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti ndikuwonjezeka kwa kuwala kwachilengedwe kumapeto kwa March, kukula kwa tomato kunakula pang'ono.
M'zaka zitatu zonse, zokolola zambiri za phwetekere zidakololedwa pogwiritsa ntchito HPSL ngati kuunikira kowonjezera. Kutsika kwa zokolola pansi pa ma LED kunali 16.0%, ndipo pansi pa IND - 17.7% poyerekeza ndi HPSL. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tomato imachita mosiyanasiyana pakuwunikira kowonjezera. Kuchuluka kwa zokolola, ngakhale kuti sikunali kocheperako, kunawonedwa pa cv “Strabena”, “Chocomate” ndi “Diamont” pansi pa ma LED. Pa cv “Bolzano” palibe kuyatsa kwa LED kapena IND kunali koyenera, kuchepetsedwa kwa zokolola zonse ndi 25-31% kunawonedwa.
Nthawi zambiri, zipatso za phwetekere zazikulu zimakhala ndi zinthu zosawuma komanso zolimba zosungunuka, sizokoma kwambiri, komanso zimakhala ndi ma carotenoids ndi ma phenols ochepa. Chinthu chomwe sichimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukula kwa zipatso ndi acid. Kulumikizana kwakukulu kumawonedwa pakati pa zinthu zouma ndi zolimba zosungunuka ndi TI (rn=195 > 0.9 pa. Coefficient ya coefficient pakati pa dry matter kapena soluble solids content ndi carotenoid (lycopene ndi carotene) ndi phenol zimakhala pakati pa 0.7 ndi 0.8 (Chithunzi 3).
Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti, ngakhale kuti kusiyana kwa nyali zogwiritsiridwa ntchito nthawi zina kumakhala kwakukulu, pali zinthu zochepa ngati zimenezi zimene zingasinthe kwambiri motengera gwero la kuwala limene limagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yonse ya kukula ndi kuganizira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zitatu. nyengo zakukula (Gulu 1). Tinganene kuti tomato wamitundu yonse yomwe amabzalidwa pansi pa HPSL ali ndi zinthu zouma kwambiri (Gulu 1ndiChithunzi 5).
Kulemera Kwatsopano, Dry Matter, ndi Zosungunuka Zosungunuka
Kulemera ndi kukula kwa chipatso kumadalira kwambiri momwe mbewuyo ikukulira. Ngakhale panali kusiyana pakati pa mitundu, avareji ya zipatso za tomato zomwe zimamera pansi pa nyale zoyatsira zinali zochepa ndi 12% poyerekeza ndi HPSL kapena LED. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ikuwoneka kuti imachita mosiyana ndi kuwala kowonjezera kwa LED. Zipatso zazikuluzikulu zimapangidwa pansi pa ma LED ndi “Chocomate” ndi “Diamont,” koma “Bolzano” wolemera mwatsopano ndi 72% yokha ya kulemera kwa phwetekere pansi pa HPSL. Zipatso za “Encore” ndi “Strabena” zomwe zimamera pansi pa LED ndi IND zounikira zowonjezera zimalemera mofanana ndipo zimachepera 10 ndi 7 . (Chithunzi 4).
Zouma zouma ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za khalidwe la zipatso. Zimagwirizana ndi zolimba zosungunuka ndipo zimakhudza kukoma kwa tomato. M'zoyeserera zathu, zowuma zomwe zili mu tomato zimasiyana pakati pa 46 ndi 113 mg g-1. Zinthu zouma kwambiri (pafupifupi 95 mg g-1) idapezeka pamtundu wa chitumbuwa “Strabena.” Pakati pa mitundu ina ya tomato, zouma kwambiri (pafupifupi 66 mg g-1) chinapezeka mu “Chocomate” (Chithunzi 5).
Panthawi yoyeserera, organic acid zili, zowonetsedwa ngati citric acid (CA) zofanana ndi tomato, zapakati pa 365 mpaka 640 mg 100 g.-1 . Chidulo chochuluka kwambiri cha asidi chinapezeka mu cherry tomato cv “Strabena,” avareji ya 596 ± 201 mg CA 100 g.-1, koma asidi otsika kwambiri adapezeka mu cv yachipatso chachikasu cv “Bolzano,” avareji ya 545 ± 145 mg CA 100 g-1. Zinthu za asidi za organic zimasiyana kwambiri osati zosiyanasiyana zokha, komanso pakati pa nthawi zoyeserera; komabe, pa avareji, asidi wambiri wa organic anapezeka mu tomato amene amabzalidwa pansi pa nyale IND (kuposa HPSL ndi LED ndi 10.2%).
Pa avareji, zinthu zouma kwambiri zidapezeka mu zipatso zomwe zidabzalidwa pansi pa HPSL. Pansi pa nyale ya IND, zinthu zouma za tomato zimatsika ndi 4.7-16.1%, pansi pa LED ya 9.9-18.2%. Mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera imakhala yovuta kwambiri powala. Kutsika kwakung'ono kwambiri kwa chinthu chouma pansi pa kuwala kosiyanasiyana kudawonedwa pa cv “Strabena” (5.8% forIND ndi 11.1% ya LED, motsatana) komanso kuchepa kwakukulu kouma pansi pa kuwala kosiyanasiyana kunawonedwa pa cv“Diamont”(16.1% ndi18.2) .XNUMX% motsatira).
Pafupifupi, zolimba zosungunuka zimasiyanasiyana pakati pa 3.8 ndi 10.2 ◦Brix. Mofananamo, pa drymatter, zolimba kwambiri zosungunuka zinapezeka mumtundu wa tomato wa cherry "Strabena" (avareji 8.1 ± 1.0) ◦Brix). Tomato cv "Diamont" inali yotsekemera kwambiri (pafupifupi 4.9 ± 0.4 ◦Brix).
Kuunikira kowonjezera kunakhudza kwambiri zolimba zosungunuka zamitundu ya phwetekere "Bolzano," "Diamont," ndi "Encore." Kuwala kwa LED, zolimba zosungunuka zamitundu iyi zimatsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi HPSL. Mphamvu ya nyale ya IND inali yochepa. Mu kuyatsa uku, kulima matomato a cv “Bolzano” ndi “Strabena” anali ndi shuga wambiri woposa 4.7 ndi 4.3% kuposa wolimidwa ndi HPSL. Tsoka ilo, kuwonjezekako sikuli kofunikira (Chithunzi 6).
Tomato TI imasiyana kuchokera ku 0.97 mpaka 1.38. Chokoma kwambiri chinali tomato wa cv “Strabena,” pafupifupi TI inali 1.32 ± 0.1 ndipo yochepa kwambiri inali tomato ya cv “Diamont,” pafupifupi TI inali 1.01 ± 0.06 yokha. High TI ili ndi mtundu wa phwetekere "Bolzano," pa avareji ya TI (1.12 ± 0.06), yotsatiridwa ndi "Chocomate," pafupifupi TI(1.08 ± 0.06).
Pafupifupi, TI siyimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi gwero lowunikira, kupatula cv "Strabena," pomwe zipatso zili pansi pa nyali ya IND.
CHITSANZO 1 | P-makhalidwe (mayeso a Kruskal-Wallis) a zotsatira za kuyatsa kowonjezera kosiyanasiyana pamtundu wa zipatso za phwetekere (n = 118).
chizindikiro |
"Bolzano" |
"Chokoma" |
"Encore" |
"Diamonti" |
"Strabena |
Kulemera kwa zipatso |
0.013 * |
0.008 ** |
0.110 |
0.400 |
0.560 |
Zouma |
0.022 * |
0.013 * |
0.011 * |
0.001 ** |
0.015 * |
Zolimba zosungunuka |
0.027 * |
0.030 |
0.030 * |
0.001 ** |
0.270 |
Chinyezi |
0.078 |
0.022 |
0.160 |
0.001 ** |
0.230 |
Kulawa index |
0.370 |
0.140 |
0.600 |
0.001 ** |
0.023 * |
Lopopeni |
0.052 |
0.290 |
0.860 |
0.160 |
0.920 |
carotene |
<0.001 *** |
0.007 ** |
0.940 |
0.110 |
0.700 |
Phenols |
0.097 |
0.750 |
0.450 |
0.800 |
0.420 |
Flavonoids |
0.430 |
0.035 * |
0.720 |
0.440 |
0.170 |
Miyezo yofunikira "******0.001, "**0.01, ndi "*"0.05. |
|
kukhala ndi chiwonjezeko cha TI poyerekeza ndi HPSL ndi 7.4% (LED ndi 4.2%) poyerekeza ndi HPSL ndi cv “Diamont” pansi pa zonse zounikira zomwe tazitchula kale zidatsika ndi 5.3 ndi 8.4% motsatira.
Zinthu za Carotenoids
Kuchuluka kwa Lycopene mu tomato kumasiyana kuchokera ku 0.07 (cv "Bolzano") mpaka 7 mg 100 g-1 FM ("Strabena"). Zokwera pang'ono lycopene kuyerekeza ndi “Diamont” (4.40 ± 1.35 mg 100 g-1 FM) ndi "Encore" (4.23 ± 1.33 mg 100 g-1 FM) inapezeka mu zipatso zofiira zofiira za "Chocomate" (4.74 ± 1.48 mg 100 g-1 FM).
Pafupifupi, zipatso zochokera ku zomera zomwe zimabzalidwa pansi pa nyali za IND zimakhala ndi 17.9% yowonjezera ya lycopene poyerekeza ndi HPSL. Kuyatsa kwa LED kwalimbikitsanso kaphatikizidwe ka lycopene, koma pang'ono, ndi avareji ya 6.5%. Mphamvu za kuwala zakhala zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wake. Kusiyana kwakukulu mu lycopene biosynthesis kunawonedwa ndi “Chocomate.” Kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za lycopene pansi pa IND poyerekeza ndi HPSL kunali 27.2% ndi kutsika kwa LED ndi 13.5%. “Strabena” inali yocheperako, ndi kusintha kwa 3.2 ndi -1.6% motsatira, kuyerekeza ndi HPSL (Chithunzi 7). Ngakhale zotsatira zake zatsimikizika, masamu a data samatsimikizira kudalirika kwake (Gulu 1).
Panthawi yoyeserera, в- carotene zili mu tomato pafupifupi 4.69 kuti 9.0 mg 100 g-1 FM. Wapamwamba kwambiri в-carotene zapezeka mu cherry tomato cv “Strabena,” avareji ya 8.88 ± 1.58 mg 100 g-1 FM, koma otsika kwambiri в-carotene zopezeka zinapezeka mu cv yachipatso chachikasu "Bolzano," avareji ya 5.45 ± 1.45 mg 100 g-1 FM.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa carotene kunapezeka pakati pa mitundu yomwe imabzalidwa pansi pa kuyatsa kowonjezera kosiyana. Cv “Bolzano” yomwe imakula pansi pa LED ikuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa carotene (ndi 18.5% poyerekeza ndi HPSL), pomwe “Chocomate” ili ndi carotene yotsika kwambiri pansi pa HPSL mu zipatso za phwetekere (5.32 ± 1.08 mg 100 g FM-1) ndipo chinawonjezeka ndi 34.3% pansi pa LED ndi 46.4 % pansi pa nyale za IND (Chithunzi 8).
Zonse za Phenolics ndi Flavonoids
Phenol zomwe zili mu zipatso za phwetekere zimasiyanasiyana kuyambira 27.64 mpaka 56.26 mg GAE 100 g.-1 FM (Gulu 2). Zambiri za phenol zimawonedwa pamitundu ya “Strabena” ndipo phenol zotsika kwambiri zimawonedwa za “Diamont” zosiyanasiyana. Zomwe zili mu phenol mu tomato zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo yocha ya chipatsocho, choncho pamakhala kusinthasintha kwakukulu pakati panthawi zosiyanasiyana zotsanzira. Izi zimatsogolera ku mfundo yakuti kusiyana kwa tomato amene amabzalidwa pansi pa nyali zosiyanasiyana sikwakukulu.
Ngakhale kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuwala kowonjezera kumawonekera kokha pa cv "Chocomate," zipatso zamtundu wa flavonoid zomwe zimabzalidwa pansi pa nyali ndi 33.3%, koma pansi pa LED ndi 13.3% pamwamba. Pansi pa nyale za IND, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumawonedwa, koma pansi pa LED kusiyanako kuli pakati pa 10.3-15.6%.
Kuyesera kwawonetsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phwetekere imachita mosiyana ndi kuyatsa kowonjezera komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Sizovomerezeka kukulitsa cv "Bolzano" pansi pa nyale ya LED kapena IND chifukwa pakuwunikira uku, magawo ake ndi ofanana ndi omwe amapezeka pansi pa HPSL kapena kutsika kwambiri. Pansi pa nyali za LED, kulemera kwa chipatso chimodzi, youma, zosungunuka zolimba, ndi carotene zimachepetsedwa kwambiri. ( Chithunzi 9 ).
CHITSANZO 2 | Zomwe zili mu phenolics zonse [mg gallic acid ofanana (GAE) 100 g-1 FM] ndi flavonoids [mg citric acid (CA) 100 g-1 FM] mu zipatso za phwetekere zomwe zimamera pansi pa kuyatsa kowonjezera kosiyana.
chizindikiro |
"Bolzano" |
"Chokoma" |
"Encore" |
"Diamonti" |
"Strabena" |
Phenols |
|||||
Mtengo HPSL |
36.33 ± 5.34 |
31.23 ± 5.67 |
27.64 ± 7.12 |
30.26 ± 5.71 |
48.70 ± 11.24 |
IND |
33.21 ± 4.05 |
34.77 ± 6.39 |
31.00 ± 6.02 |
30.63 ± 5.11 |
56.26 ± 13.59 |
LED |
36.16 ± 6.41 |
31.70 ± 6.80 |
30.44 ± 3.01 |
30.98 ± 6.52 |
52.57 ± 10.41 |
Flavonoids |
|||||
Mtengo HPSL |
4.50 ± 1.32 |
3.78 ± 0.65a |
2.65 ± 1.04 |
2.57 ± 1.15 |
5.17 ± 2.33 |
IND |
4.57 ± 0.75 |
5.24 ± 0.79b |
4.96 ± 1.46 |
2.84 ± 0.67 |
6.65 ± 1.64 |
LED |
4.96 ± 1.08 |
4.37 ± 1.18ab |
3.02 ± 1.04 |
2.88 ± 1.08 |
5.91 ± 1.20 |
Njira zosiyana kwambiri zimalembedwa ndi zilembo zosiyanasiyana. |
Mosiyana ndi "Bolzano," "Chocomate" pansi pa kuyatsa kwa LED kumawonjezera kulemera kwa chipatso chimodzi ndipo kuchuluka kwa carotene kumawonjezeka. Ma parameter ena osaphatikizapo dry matter ndi soluble solids alinso apamwamba kuposa zipatso zopezedwa pansi pa HPSL. Pankhani zosiyanasiyana izi, nyali yochititsa chidwi imasonyezanso zotsatira zabwino (Chithunzi 9).
Kwa cv "Diamont," zizindikiro zomwe zimatsimikizira kukoma kwake zimachepetsedwa kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa LED, koma zomwe zili mu pigment ndi flavonoids zimawonjezeka. (Chithunzi 9).
cultivars "Encore" ndi "Strabena" ndizovuta kwambiri ku chithandizo chowonjezera cha kuwala. Kwa "Encore," gawo lokhalo lomwe limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa LED ndi zosungunuka zolimba. "Strabena" imalekereranso kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a kuwala. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana, popeza iyi inali mtundu wokhawo wa tomato wamtundu wa cherry womwe unaphatikizidwa pakuyesako. Zinali zokwera kwambiri pazigawo zonse zophunziridwa. Chifukwa chake, sikunali kotheka kuzindikira kusintha kwa magawo ophunziridwa motengera kuwala (Chithunzi 9).
KUKANGANANI
Kulemera kwapakati kwa zipatso za phwetekere kumayenderana ndi kulemera komwe kukufunika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana; ngakhale, sichimatheka. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kulima m'malo motengera kuwala kwake, chifukwa madzi ochepa angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa peat gawo lapansi, zomwe zimachepetsa kulemera kwa chipatso, koma zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kukoma. (24). Kusinthasintha kwakung'ono kwambiri kwa kulemera kwa zipatso kwa “Encore F1” chifukwa cha gwero la kuunikira kukhoza kusonyeza kulekerera kwa nyali zimenezi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kuunikanso kwa mutuwo (25). Zokolola ndi mtundu wa tomato zimakhudzidwa osati kokha ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kowonjezera komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso ndi ubwino wake. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zokolola zocheperako zidapangidwa pansi pa nyale za IND. Komabe, zitha kutheka kuti zotsatira zocheperako zisonyezedwe chifukwa cha kuchulukirako kwa nyali zoyatsira magetsi ngakhale kuti mbali yaikulu ya nyale zoyatsira magetsi ndi green wave band. Deta ikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kuwala kofiyira kumathandizira kuti tomato achuluke, koma sizikhudza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zouma. Zikuwoneka kuti kuwala kofiyira kwalimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi mu tomato. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kukwera kwa kuwala kwa buluu kumachepetsa zinthu zouma za mitundu yonse ya tomato. Chosamva bwino kwambiri ndi mtundu wa tomato wachikasu "Balzano". Kafukufuku angapo adawonetsa kuti photosynthesis pansi pa kuphatikiza kofiira ndi buluu nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera kuposa kuyatsa kwa HPS, koma zipatso zake zimakhala zofanana. (12). Olle ndi Virsile (26) adapeza kuti ma LED ofiira amathandizira kukolola kwa tomato ndipo zimatsindika zomwe tapeza pa kafukufuku wathu zomwe zimati nthawi zambiri mafunde ofiira akawonjezedwa kwambiri amachulukitsa zokolola. M'malingaliro momwemonso, Zhang et al. (14) kumatanthawuza kuti ngakhale kuwonjezera FR kuwala pamodzi ndi ma LED ofiira ndi HPSL kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha zipatso. Kuwala kowonjezera kwa buluu ndi kofiira kwa LED kunapangitsa kuti zipatso za phwetekere zipse msanga. Izi zikhoza kusonyeza kuti chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zipatso pansi pa ma LED a mitundu ya “Chocomate F1” ndi “Diamont F1”, chifukwa kupsa msanga kunachititsa kuti zipatso zatsopano zikhazikike. Pazachulukidwe, data yathu ikuwonetsa kuti si kuchuluka kwa kuwala kofiyira komwe kuli kofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa zokolola, koma kuchuluka kwa kuwala kofiyira kuposa kuwala kwa buluu.
Popeza chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe makasitomala amazikonda kwambiri tomato ndi kutsekemera, m'pofunika kumvetsetsa njira zomwe zingatheke kuti muwonjezere izi. Komabe, nthawi zambiri zimasinthidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe (27). Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti mawonekedwe a kuwala amakhudzanso zamoyo zomwe zili mu chipatso cha phwetekere. Shuga wosungunuka mu zipatso za phwetekere zakupsa zidachepetsedwa ndi nthawi yayitali ya kuwala kwa FR (15). Kong et al. (16) zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti chithandizo cha kuwala kwa buluu chinapangitsa kuti zinthu zolimba zosungunuka zichuluke. Shuga muzomera amachulukitsidwa ndi kuwala kobiriwira, buluu ndi kofiira (28). Zoyeserera zathu sizikutsimikizira izi, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa buluu ndi kofiira padera kumachepetsa zolimba zosungunuka nthawi zambiri. Zotsatira zathu zinasonyeza kuti shuga wambiri wosungunuka anapezedwa pansi pa HPSL yomwe imabweretsa gawo lalikulu la kuwala kofiyira kuposa nyali zina komanso kumawonjezera kutentha pafupi ndi nyali. Izi zikufanana ndi kafukufuku wakale pomwe kafukufuku wa Erdberga et al. (29) adawonetsa kuti zomwe zili mu shuga wosungunuka, ma organic acid amawonjezeka pakuchuluka kwa mafunde ofiira. Zotsatira zofananira zinapezedwa m'kafukufuku wina. Chipatso cha phwetekere cholemera kwambiri chinapezedwa muzomera zoyatsidwa ndi nyali za HPS poyerekeza ndi zomera zochokera ku nyali za LED (8.7-12.2% kutengera cultivar) (30).
Komabe, maphunziro a Dzakovich et al. (31) zatsimikizira kuti kuwala kowonjezera (HPSL kudzera ma LED) sikunakhudze kwambiri physicochemicals (total soluble solids, tittable acidity, ascorbic acid content, pH, total phenolics, ndi flavonoids ndi carotenoids) kapena mphamvu zomveka za tomato wobzalidwa wobiriwira. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa shuga wosungunuka mu zipatso sungakhudzidwe ndi zinthu pazokha, komanso ndi kaphatikizidwe kake. Komanso m'zoyeserera zathu sizinali zotheka kupeza zokhazikika pakati pa kutengera kuwala kwa asidi. Makamaka, kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri ubale wa pakati pa zamoyo ndi kuwala, komanso ubale wa pakati pa cultivar ndi kuwala. Dry matter inali yochuluka mu “Chocomate F1” ndi “Strabena F1.” Izi zikugwirizana ndi Kurina et al. (6), pomwe pa avareji, zowonjezera zofiirira zofiirira zidachulukana zouma (6.46%). Maphunziro a Duma et al. (32) adawonetsa kuti tikayerekeza kuchuluka kwa zipatso ndi TI, zimawonedwa kuti TI yapamwamba ndi ya tomato yaying'ono kapena yachikulu. Zoyeserera za Rodica et al. (23) zinasonyeza kuti matomati amtundu wofiyira wa chitumbuwa ali ndi zinthu zosungunuka zosungunuka. Mu kafukufukuyu, zikutsindika kuti kuchuluka kwa organic compounds komwe kumawonetsa kukoma kwa zipatso kumatengera zokolola za mbewuyo.
Kuwunikira kowonjezera kofiira ndi buluu kwa LED kumawonjezera lycopene ndi в- carotene (13, 29, 33, 34). Dannehl et al. (12) Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti lycopene ndi lutein mu tomato zinali 18 ndi 142 % zokwera pamene zinali pama LED. Komabe, в-zakudya za carotene sizinali zosiyana pakati pa mankhwala opepuka. Ntagkas et al. (35) adawonetsa kuti zeaxanthin, chopangidwa cha в-kutembenuka kwa carotene, kuchuluka kwa zipatso za phwetekere pansi pa kuwala kwa buluu ndi koyera. M'kafukufukuyu, mawu awa ndi oona pokhapokha ngati "Bolzano F1" pomwe kuchuluka kwa lycopene kunapezeka pansi pa chithandizo cha LED, koma в-carotene sanayankhe molakwika pa mankhwalawa. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha chibadwa chifukwa “Bolzano F1” ndi mtundu wa zipatso za malalanje chabe mu kafukufukuyu. Mu kafukufuku wina, mitundu ya red-fruited ndi bulauni, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa lycopene ndi в-carotene adapezeka pansi pa nyale zowunikira zomwe sizikutsimikizira momwe zinthu zilili zaka zam'mbuyo (29). Zoyeserera zathu zidawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa lycopene mumitundu yonse ya phwetekere yazipatso zofiira kudachulukira ndi kuwala kwa buluu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusintha kwa carotene m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana zimalephera kutsimikizira kuti ndi yofanana ndi mitundu yonse ya tomato yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera. Kusiyanaku kukulozera pakufunika kuyesa kowonjezera kwa phunziro mtsogolo. Mchitidwe womwewo wa mayankhidwe a kuwala chifukwa cha maonekedwe a cultivar unawonedwa ndi mamountofphenolsandflavonoids. Mitundu yonse yazipatso zofiira ndi zofiirira zidawonetsa zotsatira zabwinoko pansi pa nyale za IND, pomwe “Bolzano F1” idayankha ndi zotsatira zapamwamba ku HPSL ndi nyali za LED zopanda kusiyana kwakukulu. Kafukufukuyu akugwirizana ndi zomwe apeza Kafukufuku wochulukira wa mankhwala a phenolic (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ndi rutin) (16). Kuwala kofiira kosalekeza kumawonjezera lycopene, в-carotene, kuchuluka kwa phenolic zambiri, kuchuluka kwa flavonoid, ndi antioxidant zochita mu tomato (36). M'maphunziro athu oyambirira, ma flavonoids adasintha mosinthasintha; chifukwa chake, palibe zotsatira za kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a kuwala zomwe ziyenera kudziwika kuti ndizofunikira.
Theamountofphenol inakula ndi kukula kwa kuwala kwa buluu koperekedwa ndi nyali za LED (29), izi zikugwirizananso ndi kafukufuku wathu. Zimatchulidwa m'mabuku ena ofufuza kuti kuwonekera kwa UV kapena kuwala kwa LED sikunakhudze zonse za phenolic compounds, ngakhale kuti mankhwala opepuka onsewa amadziwika kuti amawongolera mawonekedwe amitundu yambiri yamajini omwe amaphatikizidwa mu biosynthesis ofphenolic compounds ndi carotenoids. (36). Tinene kuti mofanana ndi kulemera kwa chipatso, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mankhwala mu "Encore F1" chifukwa cha chithandizo chopepuka. Izi zimalola kulengeza kuti cultivar "Encore F1" ikhoza kulolera kupangidwa kwa kuwala. Zoyeserera zathu zimatsimikizira data ya m'mabuku yoti kaphatikizidwe mametabolite achiwiri kumakokedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa buluu komanso kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa buluu pazowunikira zonse.
Zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa zikuwonetsa kuti zigawo za makhemikolo, kuphatikiza mashuga osungunuka ndi asidi ndi chiŵerengero chake, zomwe zimayang'anira kakomedwe ka mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zimadalira makamaka chibadwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kukoma kwa tomato sikumangodziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pigment ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu biologically, komanso ndi kuchuluka kwake. Makamaka, chiŵerengero ndi kuchuluka kwa ma asidi ndi shuga zimasonyeza kukoma kokwanira komanso kwapamwamba kwambiri. Mu kafukufukuyu, mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa shuga wosungunuka ndi titratable acids ndi ~0.4, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wa Hernandez Suarez, pamene kugwirizana kwabwino pakati pa zizindikiro ziwirizi kunapezeka kuti ndi 0.39 (37). Mu maphunziro aDzakovich et al. (31), tomato adasinthidwa kukhala zolimba zonse zosungunuka, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, pH, total phenolics, ndi flavonoid zodziwika bwino ndi carotenoids. Kafukufuku wawo adawonetsa kuti khalidwe la zipatso za greenhouse tomato linakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi mankhwala owonjezera a kuwala. Komanso, data ya pagulu la ogula imasonyeza kuti tomato amene amabzalidwa m'malo ounikira mosiyanasiyana amafanana ndi mankhwala ounikira omwe anayesedwa. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuwala kwamphamvu komwe kumagwirizana ndi makina opangira mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kungathe kusokoneza mphamvu za mafunde a kuwala komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro awo pazochitika zinazake za kagayidwe kazakudya. (31). Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufukuyu, chifukwa ziwerengero zomwe zapezedwa sizikusonyeza bwino komanso zinthu zodziwika bwino, zomwe zimatilola kunena kuti kuwala kumodzi ndikothandiza kwambiri ku tomato kuposa kwina. Komabe, nyale zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, nyale za HPSL zingakhale zoyenera kwambiri pa “Bolzano F1” ndipo kuyatsa kwa LED kukulimbikitsidwa pa “Chocomate F1.” Izi zikufanana ndipo kafukufuku amene anachititsa kuti madera osiyanasiyana azigawo za mankhwala a tomato afufuzidwe. Bhandari etal. (38) idafotokozanso kuti ngakhale kuphatikizika kwa malo komwe dzuŵa kumayang'ana kumwamba, komanso kuphatikiza kwa mafunde owoneka, kumathandizira kwambiri kusintha kapangidwe kakemidwe ka tomato; pali mitundu yomwe ilibe chitetezo kuzinthu izi. Zotsatira zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti mankhwala a phwetekere amadalira kwambiri mtundu wa tomato, chifukwa mgwirizano wa cultivars ndi zinthu zomwe zimamera, makamaka ndi kuwala, zimakhala ndi chibadwa.
POMALIZA
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phwetekere imachita mosiyana ndi kuyatsa kowonjezera komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mitundu ya "Encore" ndi "Strabena" ndiyo yosalabadira kwambiri kuwala kowonjezera. Kwa "Encore," gawo lokhalo lomwe lakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa LED ndi zosungunuka zolimba. "Strabena" imalekereranso kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a kuwala. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha chibadwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, popeza iyi inali mitundu yokhayo ya tomato ya chitumbuwa yomwe inaphatikizidwa poyesera. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kulima cv yamtundu wa lalanje ya "Bolzano" pansi pa nyale ya LED kapena IND chifukwa pakuwunikira uku, zoyendera zake zili pamlingo wa HPSL kapena moyipa kwambiri. Pansi pa nyali za LED, kulemera kwa chipatso chimodzi, dry matter, soluble solids content, ndi в- carotene amachepetsedwa kwambiri. Kulemera kwa chipatso chimodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa в-carotene ya zipatso zofiira zofiirira cv "Chocomate" pansi pa kuyatsa kwa LED kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Zinanso zopanda zinthu zouma ndi zosungunuka zosungunuka ndizokwera kuposa zipatso zopezedwa pansi pa HPSL.
Mayesero asonyeza kuti HPSL imapangitsa kudzikundikira kwa metabolites oyambirira mu zipatso za phwetekere. Nthawi zonse, zolimba zosungunuka zinali zokwera 4.7-18.2% poyerekeza ndi zoyatsira zina.
Monga nyali za LED ndi IND zimatulutsa pafupifupi 20% ya kuwala kwa blue-violet, zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti mbali imeneyi ya sipekitiramu imapangitsa kuchulukana kwa mankhwala a phenolic mu chipatso ndi 1.6-47.4% poyerekeza ndi HPSL. Zomwe zili mu carotenoids monga mametabolites achiwiri zimatengera kusiyanasiyana komanso komwe kumachokera kuwala. Mitundu yofiira ya zipatso imakonda kupanga zambiri в-carotene pansi ndi kuwala kwa LED ndi IND.
Mbali ya buluu ya sipekitiramu imagwira ntchito yayikulu pakuwonetsetsa kuti mbewu zili bwino. Kuwonjezeka kapena kuchuluka kwa gawo lake mu sipekitiramu yonse kumalimbikitsa kuphatikizika kwa metabolites yachiwiri (lycopene, phenols ndi flavonoids), kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa zinthu zouma ndi zolimba zosungunuka.
Poganizira za kusiyanasiyana kwa ma genotypic mu tomato ndi kuwala, kafukufuku wina akuyenera kupitiliza kuyang'ana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwala kowonjezera kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwazinthu zogwira ntchito za biologically.
KUKHALA KWA DATA
Zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zili patsamba lino zidzaperekedwa ndi olemba, popanda kusungitsa mosayenera.
MALANGIZO A AUTHOR
IE inali kuyang'anira kulima ndi kuyesa sampuli, ntchito za labotale, kachulukidwe kophatikizana, komanso inathandizira kulemba zolemba pamanja. IA idabweretsa lingaliro, lomwe linathandizira pamalingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu, linali loyang'anira sampling ya tomato, ntchito ya mu labotale, kuchuluka kwa kompositi, ndiponso inathandizira kulembedwa kwa zolembedwa pamanja. MD inathandiza pa kaganizidwe ndi kamangidwe ka kafukufuku, kukhathamiritsa njira zounika, kusanthula zitsanzo mu labotale, ndipo anapereka malangizo ndi malingaliro. RA inathandizira kusanthula masamu, kumasulira kwa data, ndi malangizo ndi malingaliro okhudza zolembedwa pamanja. LD inathandiza pa kaganizidwe ndi kamangidwe ka kafukufukuyu, inali kuyang'anira sampling ya tomato, ntchito ya mu labotale, kuchuluka kwa ma compounds, ndipo anapereka malingaliro ndi malingaliro okhudza zolemba pamanja. Olemba onse adathandizirapo ndikuvomereza zolemba zomwe zatumizidwa.
FUNDI
Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi Latvian Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 Cooperation, kuitana 16.1 polojekiti Nr. 19-00-A01612-000010 Kufufuza njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi vutolo ndi njira zatsopano zokhudza kuchita bwino ndi kukwezeka kwaubwino mu latvian greenhouse sector (IRIS).
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Kulimbana: Olembawo ati kafukufukuyu adachitika popanda ubale uliwonse wazamalonda kapena wandalama womwe ungatanthauzidwe ngati kusemphana maganizo.
Zolemba za Wosindikiza: Zodandaula zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi ndi za olemba okha ndipo sizikuyimira mabungwe omwe ali nawo, kapena za osindikiza, akonzi ndi owunika. Chilichonse chomwe chingawunikidwe m'nkhaniyi, kapena zonena kuti zapangidwa ndi wopanga, sizotsimikizika kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi wosindikiza.
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