Maloboti afika m'minda yaku California. Chilimwe chino, a thalakitala yodziyendetsa adawona mizere yogwira ntchito ya mpesa m'chigwa cha Napa. Ofotokozedwa kuti akufanana ndi "ngolo ya gofu ya souped-up", thirakitala imayenda pa batire yamagetsi ndipo imatha kuyendetsedwa patali ndi pulogalamu.
Kumwera chakumwera, maloboti okolola sitiroberi akhala akuthyola zipatso. Ndili ndi mawilo, mikono yokhala ndi nsonga zopindika komanso thireyi, wopangayo akuti makinawo amatha kutola zipatso zambiri ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi 95% molondola.
Kusintha kwapadziko lonse kwa ag-tech kwakula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa pomwe vuto la nyengo likuvutitsa alimi ndi mbewu, ndipo mliriwu ukupitilira kusokoneza ogwira ntchito omwe makampani amadalira. Mu California, komwe zambiri zaukadaulozi zikupangidwa ndikuyesedwa, zomwe zadzutsa mafunso ovuta kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafamu a boma.
Si onse ogwira ntchito omwe amawona makina ngati chinthu choyipa, ochirikiza amati, chifukwa amatha kuchepetsa zovuta zantchitoyo. Koma akuwopanso kuti kuthamangira makina kukuchitika popanda zomwe apereka, komanso m'njira yomwe imapatsa mwayi eni famu, otukula matekinoloje ndi osunga ndalama osaganizira zotsatira za ogwira ntchito.
Ndi mkangano womwe umabwera pomwe ogwira ntchito m'mafamu aku California akumenyera kale ufulu ndi chitetezo. Mu Ogasiti, a United Farm Workers, bungwe lalikulu kwambiri la ogwira ntchito kumunda ku US, adamaliza masiku 24, 335-mile. kuguba ku likulu ku Sacramento, kufuna kuti bwanamkubwa, Gavin Newsom, asayine chikalata chomwe chingapangitse kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwirizanitsa popanda mantha ndi mantha kuchokera kwa olemba ntchito. (Newsom, mwini munda wa mpesa, sanasayinebe bill ngakhale kupanikizika kuchokera ku White House sabata ino.)
"Ndi nkhani yofanana ndi makina opanga makina aliwonse, kodi asintha ntchito? Ndipo ngati ndi choncho, kodi ndikuchotsa ntchito ndi malipiro apamwamba?" adatero Maria Cadenas, mkulu wa bungwe lopanda phindu la Santa Cruz Community Ventures, bungwe lomwe limapereka thandizo la ndalama ndi mapulogalamu kwa mabanja omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa m'dera la Monterey Bay.
"Tikuyang'ana machitidwe omwe sanapangidwe kuti agawane chuma, tikuyang'ana machitidwe omwe adapangidwa kuti apitirize kuchotsa ndi kupanga chuma kwa eni ake."
Amapereka chitsanzo cha momwe makina amagwirira ntchito kukolola tomato m'zaka za m'ma 1960 zinapangitsa kuti ayesedwe 32,000 ogwira ntchito m'mafamu kutaya ntchito ndi kukankhira mazana a mafamu ang'onoang'ono kusiya malonda. Kulemba pa zotsatira za automation ya phwetekere processing mu a Nkhani ya 1978 kwa Nation, mtsogoleri wa ogwira ntchito m'mafamu Cesar Chavez adawonetsa mtengo waumunthu wa "teknoloji yodabwitsayi".
"Kafukufuku ayenera kupindulitsa aliyense, ogwira ntchito komanso olima," adatero.
Kugwiritsa ntchito vuto ngati malo ogulitsa
Silicon Valley ili m'mbali mwa dera lalikulu la Central Valley lotchedwa America's bread bowl, komwe ndi pafupifupi 25% wa chakudya cha dziko amabzalidwa ndi kukololedwa ndi antchito zikwi makumi. Mu 2020, ag-tech oyambitsa ku California adalandira $5.6bn m'zandalama zazikulu zandalama, zopitilira maiko anayi otsatirawa kuphatikiza, kupanga 20% ya ndalama zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi pamakampani.
Mliri wa Covid-19 wapereka mwayi watsopano ku Silicon Valley kuti akhazikitse ukadaulo wake, atero Emily Reisman, pulofesa wothandizira pazachilengedwe komanso kukhazikika ku Yunivesite ya Buffalo. Mu pepala la 2021, Reisman adawunika momwe ma webinars ndi mawonetsero amoyo pazochitika 45 zaukadaulo zaukadaulo kuyambira Marichi 2020 mpaka Seputembara 2020 adakambilana za kuthekera kosagwiritsidwa ntchito.
"Kungakhale kulakwitsa kwakukulu kuti musatchule za coronavirus kapena mliri wapadziko lonse lapansi," Mmodzi wa oyang'anira ag-tech adauza anzawo pawebusayiti yopezera ndalama panthawi ya mliri. Woyambitsa wina wa ag-tech adanenanso zomwezo, pomwe oyang'anira adatinso kuopa kusowa kwa ntchito kuli pafupi kufulumizitsa makina.
Reisman akuti kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta ngati malo ogulitsa kumakhala pachiwopsezo chodziwonetsa ngati osakonda, komanso kubisa zovuta zomwe ogwira ntchito pafamu atha kuthamangitsidwa.
"Anthu ambiri omwe ali ogwira ntchito m'mafamu sikuti amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito makina, ambiri a iwo ndi okalamba, ambiri a iwo amawona zidazi kuti zingathandize kuthetsa mavuto ena a ntchito yaulimi," adatero Reisman. "Koma, ngati tilingalira za mliriwu ngati kuwalungamitsa, pali zoopsa zina."
Reisman adati ma automation amathanso kubweretsa ngozi kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafamu, omwe ambiri amachokera ku Latin America. Magulu aulimi akhala otsogolera otsogolera za kusintha kwa anthu olowa m'dziko lomwe limathandizira ogwira ntchito alendo komanso osamukira kumayiko ena omwe alibe zikalata, adatero, koma thandizo litha kuchepa kapena kutha popeza makina amachepetsa kudalira antchito akunja.
Kuwerengera ndi mbiri
Ena amati ngakhale kuti makina akuchulukirachulukira, n’zokayikitsa kuti anthu ogwira ntchito m’mafamu akusowa ntchito. Pali ntchito zina zomwe maloboti sangathe kuchita, akutero a Giev Kashkooli, wamkulu wa ndale komanso zamalamulo ku United Farm Workers of America, monga kuzindikira mbewu zomwe zakonzeka kuchotsedwa pafakitale yomwe imatha kupakidwa ndikugulitsidwa. pambali pa mbewu zosakhwima kapena zowola.
Armando Elenes, wolinganiza ogwira ntchito pafamu komanso mlembi wachuma wa United Farm Workers, adanena Civil Eats mu 2020 kuti amakayikira kuti maloboti angalowe m'malo mwa ogwira ntchito m'mafamu, omwe adati adakhalapo kwazaka zopitilira khumi. Iye adati mgwirizanowu umayang'ana kwambiri kuteteza ogwira ntchito, ufulu wawo komanso kukulitsa maziko a mgwirizanowu.
Ogwira ntchito m'mafamu akhala akuchita kale kusamalidwa bwino ndi makampani azaulimi ndipo adayenera kukonzekera ndikumenyera phindu lililonse malinga ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso malipiro awo. Ricardo Salvador, wasayansi wamkulu komanso director of the Food and Environment Programme ku Union of Concerned Scientists, adati mbiriyi ikuyenera kuyankhidwa ndi omwe amalimbikitsa matekinoloje atsopano ngati akwaniritsa zomwe adalonjeza.
"Ogwira ntchito ndi [omwe] amathandizira kuti pakhale phindu komanso kupanga phindu kwa alimi, alimi ndi mafakitale," adatero Salvador, ndipo akuwonetsa kuti chidziwitsochi chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani aukadaulo omwe akufuna kupanga zatsopano.
"Kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi ogwira ntchito m'mafamu, omwe ndi anthu omwe amadziwa bwino momwe ntchitozo zimagwirira ntchito, ndikuwalembera ngati ogwirizana komanso opindula nawo pakusintha kwaukadaulo," adatero, "kutha kufulumizitsa ndipo mwinanso kuwongolera kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake. .”
Gwero: https://www.theguardian.com/