Kulima Tomato; Njira Zaulimi - Buku Lathunthu

Chitsogozo cha Kulima Tomato kwa Oyamba:

Nkhani yotsatirayi ikufotokoza za "Kulima Tomato", "Momwe Mungakulire Tomato", Tomato ulimi njira.

Tomato ndi nyengo yofunda, imafuna nyengo yofunda komanso yozizira. Zomera sizingathe kupirira chisanu ndi chinyezi chambiri. Komanso, kuwala kowala kumakhudza mtundu wa pigmentation, zipatso mtundu, zipatso. Chomeracho chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo yoyipa. Pamafunika zosiyanasiyana nyengo zosiyanasiyana kumera kwa mbewu, kukula kwa mbande, maluwa ndi zipatso, ndi khalidwe la zipatso. Kutentha pansi pa 10⁰C ndi pamwamba 38⁰C imakhudza kwambiri minofu ya zomera potero imachepetsa ntchito za thupi. Imakula bwino pa kutentha kwa 10⁰C kuti 30⁰C ndi kutentha koyenera ndi 21-24⁰C. Kutentha kwapakati pansi pa 16⁰C ndi pamwamba 27⁰C sizofunikira. Chomeracho sichimapirira chisanu, chimafuna mvula yotsika kapena yapakati, ndipo chimachita bwino pansi pa kutentha kwapakati pa 21 mpaka 23 pamwezi.⁰C. Pewani kupsinjika kwa madzi ndi nthawi yayitali youma chifukwa izi zimapangitsa kuti zipatso zing'ambe. Kuwala kwa dzuwa pa nthawi ya zipatso kumathandizira kupanga zipatso zofiira zakuda.

Werengani: Ubwino Wopangira Masamba Obiriwira.

Mitundu ya Tomato:

Mitundu yabwino:

Arka Saurabh, Arka Vikas, Arka Ahuti, Arka Ashish, Arka Abha , Arka Alok, HS101, HS102, HS110, Hisar Arun, Hisar Lalima, Hisar Lalit, Hisar Anmol, KS.2, Narendra Tomato 1, Narendra Red Tomato 2, Pusa Plum, Pusa Early Dwarf, Pusa Ruby, Co-1, CO 2, CO 3, S-12, Punjab Chhuhara, PKM 1, Pusa Ruby, Paiyur-1, Shakthi, SL 120, Pusa Gaurav, S 12, Pant Bahar, Pant T3, Solan Gola and Arka Meghali.

F1 hybrids:

Arka Abhijit, Arka Shresta, Arka Vishal, Arka Vardan, Pusa Hybrid 1, Pusa Hybrid 2, COTH 1 Hybrid Tomato, Rashmi, Vaishali, Rupali, Naveen, Avinash 2, MTH 4, Sadabahar, Gulmohar ndi Sonali.

Zofunikira pakukula kwa tomato: 

Sr. No.	Miyendo	Kutentha (0C)
		osachepera	oyenera	Zolemba
1.	Kumera kwa mbewu	11	16-29	34
2.	Kukula kwa mbande	18	21-24	32
3.	Zipatso (tsiku) (usiku)	10	15-17	30
		18	20-24	30
4.	Kukula kwa mtundu wofiira	10	20-24	30

Zofunikira za dothi pakulima tomato:

Tomato amachita bwino kwambiri m'nthaka yambiri ya mchere, koma amakonda mchenga wakuya, wothira madzi bwino. Dothi lapamwamba liyenera kukhala lobowola ndi mchenga pang'ono ndi dongo labwino pansi pa nthaka. Kuzama kwa nthaka 15 mpaka 20cm kumatsimikizira kukhala kwabwino kwa mbewu yathanzi. Kulima mozama kumatha kuloleza mizu yokwanira kulowa mu dothi lolemera lamtundu wadothi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale dothi lamitundu iyi.

Tomato ndi mbewu yololera pang'ono mpaka pH yamitundumitundu. pH ya 5.5-6.8 imakonda. Ngakhale tomato Zomera zimachita bwino mu dothi lokhala ndi acidic kwambiri lomwe lili ndi michere yokwanira komanso kupezeka. Tomato amalekerera pang'ono asidi mu nthaka yomwe ili ndi pH ya 5.5. Dothi lokhala ndi madzi okwanira, mpweya, wopanda mchere amasankhidwa kulima phwetekere.

Werengani: Makina a Famu ndi Zida Zaulimi.

Nthaka yokwera kwambiri zinthu zakuthupi osavomerezeka chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri chazomwe zili muwailesiyi komanso kuchepa kwa michere. Koma, monga nthawi zonse, kuwonjezera kwa organic nkhani ku mchere nthaka adzawonjezera zokolola.

Kusankha mbewu za kulima tomato:

Pambuyo popanga mbewu, mbewu zodwala, zosweka zimatayidwa. Mbeu za kufesa ziyenera kukhala zopanda kanthu. Kumera koyambirira, molimba mtima, kofananako mawonekedwe ndi kukula, mbewu zimasankhidwa kuti zifesedwe. Mbewu zosakanizidwa zochokera m'badwo wa F1 ndizopindulitsa kufesa chifukwa zimapatsa zipatso zoyambirira komanso zokolola zambiri, zosagwirizana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe.

Nthawi yobzala kulima tomato:

1. Tomato ndi chomera chosalowerera ndale kotero kuti chimapezeka nthawi iliyonse pachaka.
2. M'zigwa zakumpoto mbewu zitatu zimatengedwa koma m'dera lachisanu lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi rabi mbewu sizibala zipatso. Mbewu ya Kharif imabzalidwa mu Julayi, mbewu ya rabi mu Okutobala - Novembala ndipo mbewu ya Zaid mu February miyezi.
3. M'zigwa zakum'mwera kumene kulibe kuopsa kwa chisanu, Kuyika koyamba kumachitika mu December-Januwale, Wachiwiri wa June-July Wachitatu mu September-October malinga ndi malo othirira omwe alipo.

Mbewu ndi kubzala tomato:

Tomato amalimidwa poika mbande pamitunda ndi mumizere. Pa nthawi yobzala, mbande zimakhala zovuta kwambiri powonetsa nyengo yotseguka kapena kuletsa ulimi wothirira. Mbeu ya 400 mpaka 500g/ha ndiyofunika.

Mbewu zimathiridwa ndi Thiram @ 3g/kg ya mbeu kuti ziteteze ku matenda obadwa ndi njere. Kuchiza mbewu ndi B. naphthoxyacetic acid (BNOA) pa 25 ndi 50 ppm, gibberellic acid (GA3) pa 5-20 ppm ndi chlorophenoxy acetic pa 10 ndi 20 ppm anapezeka kuti apititse patsogolo kukula ndi zokolola za phwetekere.

Mbewu zofesedwa mu June July kwa autumn yozizira mbewu ndi kasupe mbewu za chilimwe mbewu zofesedwa mu Novembala. M'mapiri, mbewu zimafesedwa mu March April. Kutalikirana koyenera kwa mbewu yophukira-yozizira ndi 75 cm x 60 cm, ndi mbewu yachilimwe 75 x 45 cm.

Werengani: Njira Zoweta Nsomba za Snakehead.

Kukonzekera kulima tomato:

Ikani munda wowola bwino manyowa/kompositi @ 20-25 t/ha pa nthawi ya kukonzekera nthaka ndi kusakaniza bwino ndi nthaka. Mlingo wa feteleza wa 75:40:25 kg N:P ₂O₅:K₂O/hekitala ikhoza kuperekedwa. Theka la mlingo wa nayitrogeni, phosphorous wathunthu ndi theka la potashi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati basal musanabzalidwe. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a nayitrogeni ndi theka la potashi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito patatha masiku 20-30 mutabzala. Zotsalazo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakatha miyezi iwiri mutabzala.

Kubzala mbande za tomato:

1. Kubzala kumachitika m'mabedi ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono kapena mumtsinje wosaya kutengera kupezeka kwa ulimi wothirira.
2. M'nthaka yolemera, imabzalidwa pamitunda ndipo nthawi yamvula ndi bwino kubzala mbande pamitunda.
3. Pamitundu yosawerengeka, mbande ziyenera kudulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito timitengo tansungwi tautali wa mita ziwiri kapena kubzalidwa m'nthaka ya 90 cm mulifupi ndi 15 cm utali. Mbewu zimabzalidwa m'mizere motalikirana masentimita 30 ndipo mbewuyo imaloledwa kufalikira pamtunda waukulu.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa tomato:

Kutalikirana koyenera kwa mbewu yophukira-yozizira ndi 75 x 60 cm ndipo kwa mbewu yachilimwe ndi 75 x 45 cm.

Kukonzekera Nazale ndi Kusamalira Tomato:

Zabwino mbeta Ayenera kukhala 60cm mulifupi, 5-6cm m'litali ndi 20-25cm kutalika. Ziphuphu ndi ziputu ziyenera kuchotsedwa pa mbeu. Onjezani mchenga wa sieved FYM ndi mchenga wabwino kwambiri pa mbeu. Abweretseni pakulima bwino. Thirani bedi ndi Fytolon/Dithane M-45 @ 2-2.5 g/lit ya madzi. Jambulani mizere motalikirana 10 mpaka 15cm mu utali wonse wa bedi. Bzalani njere motalikirana motalikirana mizere, kanikizani mofatsa, kuphimba ndi mchenga wabwino ndikuphimba bedi ndi udzu. Thirira ndi ananyamuka akhoza. Thirirani mbeu kawiri pa tsiku mpaka njere zitamera. Chotsani udzu mbeu zikamera. Ikani Thimet pang'ono pa 4-5 tsamba siteji. Uza mbande ndi Metasystox/Thiodan pa 2-2.5 ml/madzi liti ndi Dithane M-45 pa 2-2.5 g/madzi.

Kuwongolera udzu kwa kulima tomato:

1. M’milungu inayi yoyambirira m’munda pamakhala kufunika kolima mopepuka zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukula komanso kuchotsa udzu m’munda. Nthaka ya pamwamba imamasulidwa ndi khasu pamanja ikangouma mokwanira mukangothirira kapena kusamba. Udzu wonse uyeneranso kuchotsedwa pochita izi.
2. Mulching ndi udzu, polythene wakuda ndi zipangizo zina zambiri zapezeka kuti n'zothandiza kuteteza chinyezi, kulamulira udzu ndi matenda ena.

Werengani: Ubwino wa Kulima Nsomba za Biofloc.

Feteleza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polima tomato:

Monga momwe zipatso zimabalalidwira komanso ubwino wake zimatengera kupezeka kwa michere ndi kuthira feteleza, ndiye kuti feteleza amayikidwa molingana ndi kufunikira kwake. Nayitrogeni wochuluka wokwanira amawonjezera ubwino wa zipatso, kukula kwa zipatso, mtundu, ndi kukoma. Zimathandizanso kuwonjezera kukoma kwa acidic. Kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu kumafunikanso kukula, zokolola, ndi khalidwe. Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza woyambira kuti apereke phosphorous yokwanira panthawi ya kumera ndi mbande. Kupezeka kwa kashiamu nakonso ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera nthaka pH ndi kupezeka kwa michere. Dothi lamchenga limafunikira feteleza wochulukirapo, komanso kuthirira pafupipafupi feteleza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zofunika zakudya. Mbande zimapopedwa ndi njira yoyambira ya micronutrient. Asanayambe kubzala manyowa a m'munda @ 50 ton pa hekitala iyenera kuphatikizidwa. Nthawi zambiri mbewu ya phwetekere imafunika 120 kg Nitrogen (N), 50 kg Phosphorus (P₂O₅), ndi 50 kg Potash (K₂O). Nayitrojeni iyenera kuperekedwa mogawanika. Half nitrogen ndi P₂O₅ Imaperekedwa pa nthawi yobzala ndipo nayitrogeni wotsalira amaperekedwa pakadutsa masiku 30 ndi masiku 60 mutabzala.

Kuwunika kwa dothi ndi minofu kuyenera kuchitidwa nthawi yonse yakukula ndi kupanga kuwonetsetsa kuti zakudya zofunikira zili mumiyeso yake yoyenera. Kupenda minofu ya chomera chokwanira chopatsa thanzi kudzawonetsa izi:

	asafe	Phosphorus	Potaziyamu	kashiamu	mankhwala enaake a	Sulfure
%	4.0-5.6	0.30-0.60	3.0-4.5	1.25-3.2	0.4-0.65	0.65-1.4
	ppm	Manganese	Iron	Boron	zamkuwa	nthaka
		30-400	30-300	20-60	5-15	30-90

Pakalipano, zadziwika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wosakhazikika kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi zongowonjezwdwa ndi feteleza wachilengedwe wosawononga chilengedwe, zotsalira za mbewu ndi manyowa obiriwira.