Zosefera ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la ulimi wothirira wowonjezera kutentha. Ntchito yayikulu ya zosefera ndikulekanitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena tosungunuka m'madzi. Mu ulimi wothirira, zosefera zimayang'ana kuchotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhudza thanzi la zomera kapena mphamvu ndi kufanana kwa madzi.
Ngakhale njira iliyonse yothirira iyenera kukhala ndi magawo angapo ndi mitundu ya zosefera, ndikofunikira kusankha fyuluta yoyenera. Alimi ayenera kusankha zosefera kutengera vuto lomwe akufuna, kugwirizanitsa ndi njira yothirira yomwe yakhazikitsidwa, komanso ndalama zosefera.
Zolinga zamavuto ndi zosankha zosefera
Pano pali kuyang'ana kwa zowonongeka zamadzi zomwe zimapezeka mu greenhouses ndi zosefera zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuchotsa zonyansazo.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi zinyalala, algae, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala tating'ono kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, ma virus amatha kukhala osakwana 1 μm ndipo mafangasi ena amakhala pansi pang'ono 200 μm) ndipo kuwagwira ndi fyuluta kumafunika kukula kochepa kwambiri, monga kusefera kopitilira muyeso. Komabe, kusefera kwa membrane sikumagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri popanga izi chifukwa ndalama zazikulu komanso ntchito zaukadaulo zomwe zimafunikira ndizokwera mtengo.
Ofufuza pa yunivesite ya California ndi Michigan State University ayesa zosefera zapamchenga pang'onopang'ono komanso zofulumira kuti zichotsedwe Phytophthora sp. ndi Pythium sp. ndikuwona zotsatira zabwino. Zoseferazi zimachotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mwina mwa kuphatikiza njira zakuthupi ndi zachilengedwe. Zosefera zamchenga zapang'onopang'ono zimapanga biofilm wosanjikiza (yotchedwa schmutzdecke) yomwe imachepetsa kapena kuletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudzera zotchinga zakuthupi ndi njira zowongolera zamoyo. Komabe, zosefera zapawayilesi zimatha kutsekeka ngati zinyalala zili zowawa kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, udzu). Choncho, coarse pre-sefa tikulimbikitsidwa. Zosefera zowonera ndi media ndizothandiza pakuchotsa zinyalala zazikulu ndi udzu; amabwera m’masinkhu wosiyanasiyana ndipo ndi otchipa.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena zinyalala zimaphatikizanso mchere wa granular monga mchenga, dongo, ndi silt. Zoyipa izi zitha kuchotsedwa ndi mapepala, sock, skrini, kapena zosefera za disc. Zosefera za sock zimachotsa bwino tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayimitsidwa. Komabe, ali ndi malo ang'onoang'ono ndipo chifukwa chake amatseka mosavuta. Zosefera za sock zimalimbikitsidwa ngati gawo lomaliza la kusefera. Osagwiritsa ntchito kusefera kwa nembanemba kuti muchotse tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena zinyalala. Zowononga izi zimatha kuwononga nembanemba.
Zosakaniza zosungunuka zimaphatikizapo mchere uliwonse wosungunuka womwe umatchulidwa pamadzi anu (mwachitsanzo: iron, carbonates, calcium, sodium, etc.). Kusefedwa kwa Membrane tikulimbikitsidwa kuchotsa mchere wosungunuka m'madzi. Reverse osmosis idzachotsa ma ion onse kupatula boron m'madzi. Iron ndi manganese amathanso kuchotsedwa kudzera mu kuphatikiza kwa okosijeni (klorini kapena permanganate), kutsatiridwa ndi kusefera ndi zosefera zolipiridwa (mwachitsanzo, mchenga wamasamba).
Zomwe zimasungunuka zimaphatikizapo agrochemicals ndi humic acid. Granular activated carbon filtration imachotsa kuchuluka kwa agrochemicals m'madzi. Ofufuza a ku yunivesite ya Florida adawona kuti granular activated carbon inali yothandiza pochotsa mankhwala angapo, kuphatikizapo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (acephate, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, ndi imidacloprid), herbicides (glyphosate ndi triclopyr), olamulira kukula kwa zomera (flurprimidol, paclobutrazole), ndi uniconazole. ndi oyeretsa madzi (quaternary ammonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, ndi peroxygen). Zosefera za granular activated carbon zimalimbikitsidwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito gwero lililonse lamadzi kapena njira yothirira yomwe ili ndi zotsalira zaulimi - maiwe osungira madzi, madzi ozungulira, kapena njira zothirira.
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kusefera mu ulimi wothirira wowonjezera kutentha
Ikani magawo angapo osefera - kuchokera pazakudya mpaka zabwino - kupewa kutsekeka kwadongosolo ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yochotsa tinthu. Komanso ganizirani mtengo wake. Mwachitsanzo, zosefera pazenera zachitsulo ndizotsika mtengo ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa tinthu tambirimbiri. Zosefera za ulusi (pepala kapena sock) ndizokwera mtengo kuposa zosefera pazenera, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lomaliza kusefera. Sefa madzi anu bwino musanagwiritse ntchito zosefera za membrane; kusatero kungawononge nembanemba zodula.
Sungani zosefera. Yeretsani zosefera pafupipafupi kuti musatseke kapena kung'amba zosefera. Sankhani zosefera zodzitchinjiriza zokha mukasefa zinyalala za organic ndi inorganic.
