Sachin G. Chavan (1,2,*), Zhong-Hua Chen (1,3), Oula Ghannoum (1) , Christopher I. Cazzonelli (1) ndi David T. Tissue 1,2)
1. National Vegetable Protected Cropping Center, Hawkesbury Institute for Environment, Western Sydney
Yunivesite, Chikwama Chotsekedwa 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; z.chen@westernsydney.edu.au (Z.-HC); o.ghannoum@westernsydney.edu.au (OG); c.cazzonelli@westernsydney.edu.au (CIC); d.tissue@westernsydney.edu.au (DTT)
2. Global Center for Land Based Innovation, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University,
Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
3. Sukulu ya Sayansi, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
* Mauthenga: s.chavan@westernsydney.edu.au; Telefoni: + 61-2-4570-1913
Kudalirika: Kulima mbewu motetezedwa kumapereka njira yolimbikitsira ulimi wa chakudya pamene nyengo ikusintha
ndikupereka chakudya chopatsa thanzi mokhazikika ndi zinthu zochepa. Komabe, kupanga njira imeneyi ulimi
zopindulitsa pazachuma, tiyenera kuganizira momwe mbewu zotetezedwa zimayendera malinga ndi zomwe zilipo
umisiri ndi lolingana chandamale horticultural mbewu. Ndemanga iyi ikuwonetsa mwayi womwe ulipo
ndi zovuta zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wopitilira ndi zatsopano mu zosangalatsa izi koma
malo ovuta ku Australia. Mafamu am'nyumba amagawidwa m'magulu atatu otsatirawa
misinkhu ya kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo: otsika, apakati komanso apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi zovuta zofananira
zomwe zimafuna mayankho anzeru. Komanso, zolepheretsa kukula m'nyumba zomera ndi kutetezedwa
njira zolima (monga kukwera mtengo kwa mphamvu) zachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ulimi wamkati kuti ukhale wocheperako
zokolola zochepa, zamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa chake, tikuyenera kupanga mbewu zatsopano zoyenera ulimi wamkati
zomwe zingasiyane ndi zomwe zimafunikira pakupanga kumunda. Komanso, kutetezedwa cropping
zimafuna kukwera mtengo koyambira, ogwira ntchito okwera mtengo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, ndi zowononga kwambiri
ndi kasamalidwe ka matenda ndi kuwongolera khalidwe. Ponseponse, zokolola zotetezedwa zimapereka mayankho odalirika
pofuna chitetezo cha chakudya, pamene kuchepetsa carbon footprint pakupanga chakudya. Komabe, kwa m'nyumba
kupanga mbewu kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pachitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse lapansi komanso thanzi
chitetezo, kupanga kwachuma kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana kudzakhala kofunikira.
Keywords: zokolola zotetezedwa; famu yoyima; chikhalidwe chopanda dothi; ntchito ya mbewu; ulimi wamkati;
chitetezo cha chakudya; kukhazikika kwazinthu
1. Introduction
Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikuyembekezeka kufika pafupifupi 10 biliyoni mu 2050, ndipo kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kukuyembekezeka kuchitika m'matauni akulu padziko lonse lapansi [1,2]. Chiwerengero cha anthu chikachulukirachulukira, kupanga chakudya kuyenera kukulirakulira ndikukwaniritsa zosowa za thanzi ndi thanzi ndikukwaniritsa zolinga za United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) [3,4]. Kuchepa kwa malo olimako komanso kuwonongeka kwa nyengo paulimi kumabweretsa zovuta zina zomwe zimakakamizika kuti njira zatsopano zopangira chakudya zikwaniritse zosowa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi. Mwachitsanzo, minda ya ku Australia nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndipo imatha kukhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kwa nthawi yayitali. Chilala chaposachedwa kummawa kwa Australia mchaka cha 2018-19 ndi 2019-20 chidakhudza kwambiri mabizinesi akumafamu, motero zikuwonjezera zotsatira zakusintha kwanyengo paulimi waku Australia [5].
Kulima kotetezedwa, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti ulimi wa m'nyumba [6] -kuyambira ku ma polytunnels otsika kwambiri mpaka kuukadaulo wapakatikati, malo obiriwira otetezedwa pang'ono, mpaka nyumba zamagalasi zaukadaulo wapamwamba komanso minda yamkati -zingathandize kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka za zana la 21. zaka zana. Komabe, ngakhale masomphenya a mzinda wokhazikika wokhazikika ndi wosangalatsa ngati njira yothanirana ndi zovuta zamasiku ano, kulima m'nyumba sikunafanane ndi
chisangalalo ndi chiyembekezo cha ochirikiza ake. Kulima mbewu motetezedwa ndi ulimi wamkati kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ukadaulo komanso makina opangira makina kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino nthaka, potero amapereka mayankho osangalatsa kuti apititse patsogolo chakudya chamtsogolo [7]. Padziko lonse lapansi, chitukuko cha ulimi wa m'tawuni [8,9] nthawi zambiri chinachitika pambuyo pa mavuto aakulu komanso / kapena ovuta, monga kuchepa kwa kuwala ndi malo ku Netherlands; kugwa kwamakampani opanga magalimoto ku Detroit; kuwonongeka kwa msika wogulitsa nyumba ku US East Coast; komanso kutsekeka kwa mizinga yaku Cuba. Zina
zolimbikitsa zabwera mumpangidwe wa misika yomwe ilipo, mwachitsanzo, mbewu zotetezedwa zidachulukira ku Spain [10] chifukwa cha misika ya Kumpoto kwa Europe komwe dzikolo lidapeza. Pamodzi ndi zovuta zomwe zilipo, mliri wa COVID-19 womwe ukupitilira ukhoza kupereka chilimbikitso chofunikira kusintha ulimi wakumidzi [11].
Ngati ulimi wakumizinda ukuyenera kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakuwongolera chitetezo cha chakudya komanso kadyedwe ka anthu, uyenera kuchulukitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi kuti ukhale ndi mphamvu zokulitsa zinthu zambiri m'njira yopatsa mphamvu, yothandiza komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa ndizotheka pano. Pali mwayi waukulu wopititsa patsogolo zokolola ndi kukongola kwa mbewu pogwirizanitsa kupita patsogolo kwa kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe, kasamalidwe ka tizirombo, phenomics ndi automation.
ndi ntchito zoweta zomwe zimayang'ana makhalidwe omwe amapititsa patsogolo kamangidwe ka zomera, ubwino wa mbewu (zokoma ndi zakudya) ndi zokolola. Kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa mbewu zamakono ndi zomwe zikukula zokhudzana ndi mitundu ya mbewu zachikhalidwe, komanso zomera zamankhwala, zimatha kulimidwa m'minda yoyendetsedwa ndi chilengedwe [12,13].
Zomwe zatsala pang'ono kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cham'matauni ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kaboni wazakudya zitha kuthetsedwa ndi zatsopano zamagawo azazakudya, monga kubzala mbewu zotetezedwa ndi ulimi wamkati. Izi zimachokera ku ma tunnel otsika kwambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zachilengedwe, zamakono zamakono, zosungiramo zachilengedwe zowonongeka mpaka kumalo osungiramo magalasi apamwamba komanso malo olimapo omwe ali ndi luso lamakono. Kulima kotetezedwa ndi gawo lomwe likukula mwachangu kwambiri ku Australia, malinga ndi kukula kwake komanso momwe chuma chikuyendera [12]. Makampani opanga mbewu zotetezedwa ku Australia ali ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri (17%), nyumba zamagalasi (20%) ndi njira zopangira mbewu za hydroponic/substrate (52%), zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira ndi mwayi wotukula gawo lazaulimi. Mukuwunikaku, tikambirana za momwe mbewu zotetezedwa zimayendera malinga ndi matekinoloje omwe alipo komanso mbewu zofananira za horticultural, kufotokoza mwayi ndi zovuta zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wopitilira ku Australia.
2. Njira Zamakono ndi Ukadaulo Pakulima Kotetezedwa
Mu 2019, malo onse olima mbewu zotetezedwa - zomwe, mokulira, zimakhudza
kulima mbewu pansi pa mitundu yonse yophimba-kuyerekeza mahekitala 5,630,000 (ha) padziko lonse lapansi [14]. Dera lonse la ndiwo zamasamba ndi zitsamba zomwe zimabzalidwa m'malo obiriwira (zinyumba zokhazikika) akuti ndi pafupifupi 500,000 ha padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo 10% ya mbewu izi zimabzalidwa m'magalasi ndi 90% m'malo obiriwira apulasitiki [15,16]. Dera lotenthetsera dziko la Australia likuyerekezeredwa kukhala mozungulira mahekitala 1300, okhala ndi nyumba zobiriwira zaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri (pafupifupi mabizinesi 14, iliyonse yokhala ndi mahekitala osakwana 5) zomwe zimatengera 17% ya dera lino, ndi nyumba zobiriwira zaukadaulo wocheperako / zapakatikati zomwe zimawerengera 83% [17]. ]. Padziko lonse lapansi, malo obiriwira apulasitiki ndi magalasi amapanga pafupifupi 80% ndi 20%, motsatana, mwa nyumba zonse zobiriwira zomwe zimapangidwa [16].
Kulima kotetezedwa ndi gawo lomwe likukula mwachangu kwambiri ku Australia, lomwe limakhala pafupifupi $ 1.5 biliyoni pachaka pachipata cha famu mu 2017. Akuti pafupifupi 30% ya alimi onse aku Australia amalima mbewu mwanjira ina yotetezedwa, ndipo kuti mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa mobisa zimakhala pafupifupi 20% ya mtengo wonse wamasamba ndi maluwa [18]. Ku Australia, malo opangira masamba obiriwira ndi apamwamba kwambiri ku South Australia (580 ha), kutsatiridwa ndi New South Wales (500 ha) ndi Victoria (200 ha), pomwe Queensland, Western Australia ndi Tasmania amawerengera <50 ha iliyonse [17] ].
Kuchokera ku Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook (2014-2015) ndi zokambirana ndi mafakitale, mtengo wamtengo wapatali (GVP) wa zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi maluwa unayesedwa mu 2017. Pakati pa machitidwe omwe akukula omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito, mbewu zomwe zimakula mu hydroponic / substrate- Njira zopangira zopangira (52%) zinali zamtengo wapatali kwambiri, kutsatiridwa ndi zomwe zimabzalidwa pansi pa nthaka (35%), zophatikizira nthaka ndi kuthira nthaka ndi hydroponic/substrate-based system (11%), komanso kugwiritsa ntchito hydroponics/zopatsa thanzi. filimu njira (NFT) (2%) (Chithunzi 1A). Momwemonso, pakati pa mitundu yodzitchinjiriza, mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa pansi pa zokutira za poly/magalasi (63%) zinali ndi GVP yapamwamba kwambiri, kutsatiridwa ndi zomwe zidabzalidwa pansi (23%), zovundikira matalala/mithunzi (8%) komanso zophatikizika zapoly/ matalala/mithunzi. chimakwirira (6%) (Chithunzi 1B) [17]. Ku Australia, ziwerengero za GVPs zazinthu zina za greenhouse horticulture sizipezeka mosavuta [15].
Chithunzi 1. Total Gross Value Production (GVP) ya mbewu zotetezedwa (2017) polima dongosolo (A) ndi chitetezo (B). Kupanga kochokera ku Hydroponics/substrate kumakhudza kukula kwa mbewu zopanda dothi pogwiritsa ntchito sing'anga yopanda kanthu monga rockwool. Kupanga kwa dothi kumaphatikizapo kukula kwa zomera pogwiritsa ntchito nthaka yothira feteleza (kuphatikiza feteleza ndi madzi). Njira yopangira filimu ya hydroponics/nutrient film (NFT) imakhudza kuyendayenda kwa madzi osaya omwe amakhala ndi zakudya zosungunuka zomwe zimadutsa mizu ya zomera m'njira zopanda madzi. 'Poly' amatanthauza polycarbonate.
Matalala/mithunzi yophimba, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ya mauna kapena nsalu, imateteza mbewu ku matalala komanso imalepheretsa kuwala kochuluka. $ amatanthauza AUD.
Pakati pa malo olamulidwa ndi chilengedwe ku United States, magalasi kapena polycarbonate (poly) greenhouses (47%) ndizofala kwambiri kuposa minda yamkati (30%), nyumba zapulasitiki zotsika kwambiri (12%), minda yachidebe (7% ) ndi machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha m'madzi akuya (4%). Pakati pa machitidwe omwe akukula, ma hydroponics (49%) ndiwofala kwambiri kuposa nthaka (24%), aquaponic (15%), aeroponic (6%) ndi hybrid (aeroponics, hydroponics, nthaka) system (6%) [19,20].
Australia ili ndi minda yochepa kwambiri yokhazikika, makamaka chifukwa ili ndi mizinda yochepa yokhala ndi anthu ambiri. Komabe, Australia ili ndi malo okwana 1000 ha wowonjezera kutentha [16,17] ndipo kutumizidwa kwa masamba ndi zipatso zatsopano kunakula kwambiri kuchokera ku 2006 kufika ku 2016 ku Australia [16] ndikukula kolima mobisa. Ngakhale kuti Australia idayamba bwino kwambiri ulimi wamkati ndipo gawoli lili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kokulirapo, pamafunika nthawi kuti ikhwime ndikukula kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pakali pano, malo ochitira zamalonda m'mafamu a m'nyumba akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu otsatirawa a kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo: low-, medium- and high-tech. Iliyonse ikukambidwa mwatsatanetsatane m'zigawo zotsatirazi.
2.1. Technologies Zatsopano za Low-Tech Poly-Tunnels
Malo opangira greenhouses otsika kwambiri omwe amathandizira kwambiri kubzala kotetezedwa ali ndi malire angapo omwe amafunikira njira zaukadaulo kuti zithandizire kusintha kwawo kukhala malo opindulitsa apakati kapena apamwamba omwe amabala mbewu zamtundu wapamwamba wopanda zinthu zochepa. Ma poly-tech tunnels amatenga 80-90% ya zokolola za greenhouses padziko lonse lapansi [20] komanso ku Australia [17]. Poganizira gawo lalikulu la ma polytunnels otsika kwambiri pakulima kotetezedwa komanso kutsika kwawo kwanyengo, kuthirira ndi kuwongolera tizilombo, ndikofunikira kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zikugwirizana nazo kuti awonjezere kupanga ndi kubweza chuma kwa alimi.
Tekinoloje yotsika imaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma poly-tunnels omwe amatha kuyambira pazitsulo zosakhalitsa zokhala ndi zokutira zapulasitiki kupita ku zomanga zokhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, sizimayendetsedwa mopitilira kukweza chophimba chapulasitiki pakatentha kwambiri kapena kunja kwa mitambo. Zophimba zapulasitikizi zimateteza mbewu ku matalala, mvula ndi nyengo yozizira komanso zimakulitsa nyengo yolima kumlingo wina. Nyumba zotsika mtengo izi zimapereka a
kubweza ndalama zogulira mbewu zamasamba monga letesi, nyemba, tomato, nkhaka, kabichi ndi zukini. Kulima m'ngalandezi kumachitika m'nthaka, pomwe ntchito zapamwamba zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito miphika yayikulu ndi kuthirira kodontha kwa tomato, blueberries, biringanya kapena tsabola. Komabe, ngakhale kulima kotetezedwa kwaukadaulo wocheperako kumamveka kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono, njira zotere zimakumana ndi zophophonya zingapo. Kupanda kwawo kuwongolera chilengedwe kumakhudza kugwirizana kwa kukula ndi khalidwe la mankhwala motero amachepetsa
msika wazinthuzi kwa makasitomala omwe akufunafuna monga masitolo akuluakulu ndi malo odyera. Poganizira kuti mbewu nthawi zambiri imabzalidwa m'nthaka, alimiwa amakumananso ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda komanso matenda obwera m'nthaka (mwachitsanzo, kulimbana ndi nematode kosalekeza). Ogwira nawo ntchito pamakampani ndi ochita kafukufuku amafunikira njira zatsopano zoperekera mayankho pamapangidwe a malo ndi kasamalidwe ka mbewu komanso njira zanzeru zogulitsira zogulitsa kunja
ndi kusunga unyolo wosalekeza. Zilimbikitso ndi thandizo lochokera ku mabungwe opereka ndalama ndi luso laukadaulo (mwachitsanzo, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito makina othirira pang'ono ndi kuwongolera kutentha) kuchokera ku mayunivesite ndi makampani angathandize alimi kusintha njira zodulira mbewu zapamwamba zaukadaulo.
2.2. Kukweza Nyumba Zobiriwira za Medium-Tech ndi Innovations ndi New Technologies
Zomera zapakatikati zotetezedwa ndi gulu lalikulu lomwe limaphatikizapo nyumba zosungiramo zachilengedwe zotetezedwa ndi magalasi. Gawo ili la gawo lotetezedwa lolima limafuna kukweza kwambiri kwaukadaulo ngati kuli kofunika kupikisana ndi kupanga chakudya chambiri m'mafamu omwe amatumiza ma poly-tunnels otsika kwambiri komanso zokolola zapamwamba kuchokera ku greenhouses zapamwamba. The chilengedwe kulamulira mu greenhouses sing'anga-chatekinoloje nthawi zambiri tsankho kapena kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa greenhouses ena akhoza kulamulidwa ndi pamanja kutsegula denga, pamene
zida zapamwamba kwambiri zimakhala ndi zida zozizirira komanso zotenthetsera. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma solar panels ndi mafilimu anzeru akufufuzidwa kuti achepetse mtengo wa mphamvu ndi mpweya wa carbon mu greenhouses zapakatikati [21-23].
Ngakhale kuti nyumba zambiri zobiriwira zimapangidwabe ndi PVC kapena zotchingira magalasi, mafilimu anzeru amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu izi kapena atha kuphatikizidwa m'mapangidwe a wowonjezera kutentha kuti awonjezere mphamvu zamagetsi. Nthawi zambiri, nyumba zobiriwira zobiriwira zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zokulirapo monga zotchingira za Rockwool zokhala ndi malisiti a feteleza wamadzi wokhazikika pamagawo osiyanasiyana akukulira kuti achulukitse zokolola. Umuna wa CO2 nthawi zina umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu greenhouse wamakono kuti ukhale wokolola komanso wabwino. Gawo la ulimi wotetezedwa ndiukadaulo wapakatikati lidzapindula ndi mgwirizano wamakampani ndi mayunivesite kuti apange mayankho apamwamba asayansi ndiukadaulo, kuphatikiza ma genotypes atsopano a mbewu omwe ali ndi zokolola zambiri komanso zabwino, kasamalidwe ka tizilombo tophatikizika, fertigation ndi kutentha kwanyengo, komanso thandizo la robotic pakuwongolera mbewu. ndi kukolola.
2.3. Zatsopano za Sayansi ndi Zamakono za High-Tech Greenhouses
Malo opangira magalasi apamwamba amatha kuphatikizira kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo waposachedwa pazachilengedwe za mbewu, kuthirira, kukonzanso, ndi kuyatsa. M'malo obiriwira akuluakulu azamalonda, mwachitsanzo, ukadaulo wa 'smart glass', solar photovoltaic (PV) ndi kuyatsa kowonjezera, monga mapanelo a LED, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo zokolola ndi zokolola. Olima akuchulukirachulukira kukhala ndi malo ovuta komanso/kapena ovutirapo kwambiri monga kuyang'anira mbewu, kutulutsa mungu, ndi kukolola.
Kukula kwa luntha lochita kupanga (AI) ndi kuphunzira pamakina (MI) kwatsegula miyeso yatsopano yanyumba zamakono zamakono [24-28]. AI ndi mndandanda wa malamulo osungidwa ndi makompyuta ndi zitsanzo zowerengera zomwe zimaphunzitsidwa kuzindikira machitidwe mu data yayikulu ndikuchita ntchito zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi luntha laumunthu. AI yogwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zithunzi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika thanzi la mbewu ndikuzindikira zizindikiro za matenda, ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale zisankho zachangu, zodziwa bwino za kasamalidwe ka mbewu ndi kukolola - zomwe, masiku ano, zitha kuchitika.
ndi zida za robot osati ntchito za anthu. Internet-of-Things (IoT) imapereka mayankho odzipangira okha omwe amatha kusinthidwa mwamakonda kugwiritsa ntchito greenhouse application [29]. Chifukwa chake, AI ndi IoT zitha kuthandizira kwambiri paulimi wamakono powongolera ndi kukonza ntchito zaulimi [30].
Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha maloboti aulimi wakula kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi [31-33]. Njira yodziyimira yokha yokolola mbewu ya capsicum yomwe imayandikira kutheka kwa malonda idawonetsedwa ndikukolola kopambana kwa 76.5% [31] ku Australia. Zithunzi za maloboti ochotsa masamba a phwetekere, kukolola kapsicum (tsabola) ndi mbewu za phwetekere zothira mungu [34,35] zapangidwa ku Europe ndi Israel, ndipo zitha kugulitsidwa posachedwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, makina oyang'anira ntchito zamapulogalamu owonjezera kutentha kwaukadaulo wapamwamba adzakulitsa luso la ogwira ntchito, ndikuwongolera chiyembekezo chachuma cha mabizinesiwa. Kusintha kwa IT ndi engineering kupitilira kupatsa mphamvu zokolola zotetezedwa ndi ulimi wamkati, kulola alimi kuyang'anira ndi kusamalira mbewu zawo kuchokera pamakompyuta ndi zida zam'manja, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ulimi wovuta komanso
zisankho zamsika. Malo obiriwira obiriwira ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kopindulitsa gawo lotetezedwa ku Australia, chifukwa chake kafukufuku wopitilira ndi kukonzanso malowa atha kutanthauzira nthawi ndi ndalama zomwe zayikidwa bwino.
2.4. Kupanga Mafamu Oyima Pazofuna Zamtsogolo
M'zaka zaposachedwa, chitukuko chofulumira cha "ulimi woyima" padziko lonse lapansi chawonedwa, makamaka m'maiko omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri komanso malo osakwanira [36,37]. Kulima molunjika kumayimira $ 6 biliyoni mumtengo wake koma kumakhalabe kachigawo kakang'ono ka msika waulimi wapadziko lonse wa madola mabiliyoni ambiri [38]. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaulimi woyima koma onse amagwiritsa ntchito mashelefu okulirapo osasunthika pang'ono kapena ma hydroponic pamalo otsekedwa bwino komanso oyendetsedwa bwino, omwe amalola kuti pakhale zodziwikiratu, kuwongolera ndi kusasinthika [39]. Komabe, ulimi wowongoka umakhalabe ndi mbewu zamtengo wapatali komanso zaufupi chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa mphamvu ngakhale kumapereka zokolola zosayerekezeka pa sikweya mita ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi michere yambiri.
Ukadaulo waukadaulo waulimi woyima - makamaka kubwera kwa nyumba zagalasi 'zanzeru' - zitha kukopa alimi omwe akufuna kugwira ntchito ndiukadaulo wamakompyuta ndi data yayikulu monga AI ndi intaneti ya Zinthu (IoT) [40]. Pakali pano, mitundu yonse yaulimi wa m'nyumba ndi wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso wolimbikira, ngakhale pali mwayi wopita patsogolo paukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito makina opangira mphamvu komanso mphamvu zamagetsi. Kale, mitundu yapamwamba kwambiri yaulimi wamkati imapereka mphamvu zawo pamalowo ndipo sizidalira gululi wamba. Minda yapadenga imatha kukhala kuchokera pamapangidwe ang'onoang'ono pamwamba pa nyumba zamatawuni mpaka mabizinesi apadenga panyumba zamatauni ku New York ndi Paris. Ulimi woyimirira m'nyumba uli ndi tsogolo lowala, makamaka chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID-19 ndipo uli ndi mwayi wowonjezera gawo lake pamsika wapadziko lonse wazakudya, chifukwa cha
njira yopangira bwino kwambiri, kuchepetsa ndalama zogulira ndi zogulira, kuthekera kopanga makina (kuchepetsa kuwongolera) komanso mwayi wosavuta kwa ogwira ntchito ndi ogula.
3. Mbeu Zofuna Kulima Potetezedwa
Pakadali pano, mbewu zoyenera kulimidwa m'nyumba ndizochepa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mbewu pakukula kwamkati komanso kutetezedwa kwa zokolola monga kukwera mtengo kwamphamvu (zowunikira, kutenthetsa, kuziziritsa komanso kuyendetsa makina osiyanasiyana azida) zomwe zimalola mbewu zamtengo wapatali [ 41–43]. Komabe, kupanga mbewu zamitundumitundu yodyedwa mwachuma ndikofunikira ngati mbewu zotetezedwa zikhudze kwambiri.
chitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse [12,13,44]. Mitundu ya mbewu zolima masamba otetezedwa zimasiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimalimidwa m'munda kuti zithe kulekerera zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana, zomwe sizofunikira kwenikweni pakubzala kotetezedwa. Kukula kwa cultivars zoyenera kudzafunika kukhathamiritsa kwa makhalidwe angapo (monga kudziteteza, kukula kosakhazikika, mizu yolimba) zomwe zimasiyana ndi zomwe zimawonedwa ngati
zofunika mu mbewu zakunja (Chithunzi 2) (Yotengedwa [13]).
Chithunzi 2. Makhalidwe abwino a mbewu zobala zipatso zomwe zimabzalidwa m'nyumba pansi pazikhalidwe zoyendetsedwa bwino ndi mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa panja m'munda.
Pakali pano, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimasinthidwa bwino kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba ndi monga:
• Zomwe zimamera pamipesa kapena tchire (phwetekere, sitiroberi, rasipiberi, mabulosi abulu, nkhaka, capsicum, mphesa, kiwifruit);
• Mbewu zapamwamba zamtengo wapatali (hops, vanila, safironi, khofi);
• Mbewu za mankhwala ndi zodzikongoletsera (zomera za m'nyanja, Echinacea);
• Mitengo yaing'ono (matcheri, chokoleti, mango, amondi) ndi zina zomwe zingatheke [13].
M'magawo otsatirawa, tikambirana za mbewu zomwe zilipo panopa komanso kakulidwe ka mbewu zatsopano zaulimi wamkati mwatsatanetsatane.
3.1. Mbewu Zomwe Zilipo Zomwe Zakula M'malo Otsika, Pakatikati ndi Paukadaulo Wapamwamba
Njira zotetezedwa ndiukadaulo wocheperako komanso wapakatikati zimatulutsa makamaka phwetekere, nkhaka, zukini, capsicum, biringanya, letesi, masamba aku Asia ndi zitsamba. Pankhani ya dera, kuchuluka kwa zipatso zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi, phwetekere ndiye mbewu yofunika kwambiri yazamasamba yomwe imapangidwa m'malo obiriwira, ndikutsatiridwa ndi capsicum ndi letesi [15,45].
Ku Australia, chitukuko cha malo akuluakulu olamulidwa ndi chilengedwe chakhala chochepa makamaka kwa omwe amapangidwira kulima tomato [15]. Chiyerekezo cha GVP cha zipatso, masamba ndi maluwa cha 2017, m'munda komanso m'malo olimapo otetezedwa, chikuwonetsa kulamulira kwa phwetekere m'gawo lotetezedwa ku Australia.
Chiyembekezo chonse cha GVP cha 2017 chokhudzana ndi ulimi ndi ulimi wa mbewu za horticultural chinali chapamwamba kwambiri pa phwetekere (24%), kutsatiridwa ndi sitiroberi (17%), zipatso zachilimwe (13%), maluwa (9%), mabulosi abulu. (7%), nkhaka (7%) ndi capsicum (6%), ndi masamba aku Asia, zitsamba, biringanya, chitumbuwa ndi zipatso zomwe zimawerengera zosakwana 6% (Chithunzi 3A).
Chithunzi 3. Chiyerekezo cha gross value of production (GVP) for general combined field and protectedcropping masamba production (A) and imputed GVP ya mbewu zomwe zidalimidwa motetezedwa mu 2017 (B) ku Australia.
Mwa izi, mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'malo otetezedwa zinali zapamwamba kwambiri za phwetekere (40%), zomwe zidatsogolera pakusiyana kwakukulu ndi mbewu zina kuphatikiza maluwa (11%), sitiroberi (10%), zipatso zachilimwe (8%). ) ndi zipatso (8%), ndipo mbewu iliyonse yotsala imawerengera zosakwana 5% (Chithunzi 3B). Komabe, msika waku Australia wadzaza ndi tomato wobiriwira, zomwe zimasiya makampani olima otetezedwa
ndi njira ziwiri zotsatirazi: onjezerani malonda a mbewuzi m'misika yapadziko lonse lapansi; ndi/kapena kulimbikitsa alimi a greenhouses omwe alipo mdziko muno kuti asinthe pakupanga mbewu zina zamtengo wapatali. Kuchuluka kwa mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa motetezedwa kunali kwakukulu kwa zipatso (85%) ndi phwetekere (80%), kutsatiridwa ndi maluwa (60%), nkhaka (50%), chitumbuwa ndi masamba aku Asia (40%), sitiroberi ndi chilimwe.
zipatso (30% iliyonse, mabulosi abulu ndi zitsamba (25%), ndipo potsiriza, capsicum ndi biringanya, pa 20% iliyonse [17]. Pakali pano, ulimi wamkati wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso wogwira ntchito kwambiri umangokhala mbewu zamtengo wapatali zomwe zitha kupangidwa kwakanthawi kochepa ndikuyika mphamvu zochepa [46,47]
M'mafakitale, mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa pakali pano ndi masamba obiriwira ndi zitsamba, chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali yakukula kwa mbewuzi (chifukwa zipatso ndi mbewu sizifunikira) komanso zamtengo wapatali [7], chifukwa mbewu zotere zimafunikira kuwala kochepa. chifukwa cha photosynthesis [48] komanso chifukwa zambiri za zomera zomwe zimapangidwa zimatha kukololedwa [46,49]. Pali kuthekera kwakukulu kokweza zokolola ndi mtundu wa mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'mafamu akutawuni [12].
3.2. Kafukufuku wamakampani: Kodi Zokonda za Otenga Mbali Zimakhala Kuti?
Kuzindikiritsa mitu yofunikira pakufufuza ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kuwongolera bwino kwa kafukufuku woperekedwa ndi anthu komanso wachinsinsi mtsogolo mwa mbewu zotetezedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Future Food Systems Co-operative Research Center (FFSCRC), yoyambitsidwa ndi New South Wales Farmers Association (NSW Farmers), University of New South Wales (UNSW) ndi Food Innovation Australia Ltd. (FIAL), imakhala ndi mgwirizano. zopitilira 60 zoyambira
makampani, boma ndi ochita kafukufuku. Mapulogalamu ake ofufuza ndi luso amayang'ana kuthandiza omwe akutenga nawo gawo pakukwaniritsa zokolola zazakudya zam'madera komanso zozungulira m'tawuni, kutenga zinthu zatsopano kuchokera ku prototype kupita kumsika ndikukhazikitsa mwachangu, zotetezedwa zotetezedwa kuchokera kumunda kupita kwa ogula. Kuti izi zitheke, FFSRC imapereka malo ogwirira ntchito ofufuza omwe cholinga chake ndi kukonza mbewu zotetezedwa kuti tipititse patsogolo luso lathu lotumizira zokolola zapamwamba zamaluwa ndikuthandizira Australia kukhala mtsogoleri wa sayansi ndiukadaulo pantchito yolima mbewu zotetezedwa.
Ophunzirawo adafunsidwa kuti adziwe mbewu zomwe zikuyenera kulimidwa m'nyumba. Pakati pa ophunzira omwe adapeza mbewu zomwe akufuna, chidwi chamasamba (29%) chinali chachikulu, kutsatiridwa ndi chidwi ndi mbewu za zipatso (22%); chamba chamankhwala, zitsamba zina zamankhwala ndi mbewu zapadera (13%); mitundu yachilengedwe/yachilengedwe (10%); bowa / bowa (10%); ndi masamba obiriwira (3%) (Chithunzi 4).
Chithunzi 4. Kagawidwe ka mbeu zomwe a FFSCRC akupanga pakali pano m'malo olimapo otetezedwa ndichifukwa chake chidwi cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali chofuna kupeza njira zolima mbewuzi molimbika kwambiri mobisa.
Kafukufukuyu adatengera zambiri za omwe adatenga nawo gawo omwe akupezeka pa intaneti; kupeza zambiri zatsatanetsatane kudzakhala kofunikira kuti timvetsetse ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira za omwe akutenga nawo mbali.
3.3. Kuswana Mitundu Yatsopano Yoyang'aniridwa ndi Zachilengedwe
Ukadaulo woswana womwe ulipo wopititsa patsogolo masamba ndi mbewu zina ukupita patsogolo mwachangu [50]. Pakulima kotetezedwa, gawo lazachuma lokhazikika lomwe limasintha mwachangu momwe msika ukuyendera komanso zokonda za ogula, kusankha mbewu yoyenera ndikofunikira [44,51]. Pali maphunziro ambiri omwe amayesa kusintha mbewu zamtengo wapatali monga phwetekere ndi biringanya kuti apange wowonjezera kutentha [52,53]. Ukadaulo watsopano woswana [50] wathandizira kukula kwa mbewu zatsopano zokhala ndi mikhalidwe yomwe amafunidwa, ndipo makampani ena ayamba kupanga mbewu kuti zikule m'malo oyendetsedwa ndi magetsi a LED [20]. Komabe, cultivars akhala akuwetedwa makamaka kuti achulukitse zokolola pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyana kwambiri [46]. Makhalidwe a mbewu monga kulekerera chilala, kutentha ndi chisanu - zomwe zimafunikira mu mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'munda koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zilango zokolola - sizifunikira
ulimi wamkati.
Makhalidwe ofunikira omwe atha kulinganizidwa kuti asinthe mbewu zamtengo wapatali kuti zigwirizane ndi ulimi wa m'nyumba ndi monga moyo waufupi, maluwa osalekeza, chiŵerengero chochepa cha mizu ndi mphukira, kagwiridwe kabwino ka mphamvu ya photosynthetic-energy, ndi makhalidwe abwino ogula kuphatikizapo kukoma, mtundu, kapangidwe kake ndi michere yeniyeni [12,13]. Kuphatikiza apo, kuswana makamaka kwapamwamba kumatulutsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zili ndi mtengo wamsika wamsika. Kuwala kowoneka bwino, kutentha, chinyezi ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi zitha kuyendetsedwa kuti zisinthe kuchulukana kwa zinthu zomwe zimafunikira m'masamba ndi zipatso [54,55] ndikuwonjezera zakudya zopatsa thanzi za mbewu, kuphatikiza mapuloteni (kuchuluka ndi mtundu), mavitamini A, C. ndi E, carotenoids, flavonoids, mchere, glycosides ndi anthocyanins [12]. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwachilengedwe (mumphesa) ndi kusintha kwa majini (mu kiwifruit) kwagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha kamangidwe ka mbewu, zomwe zingakhale zothandiza pakukulitsa m'nyumba m'malo oletsedwa. Mu kafukufuku waposachedwapa, zomera za phwetekere ndi zitumbuwa zinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito CRISPR-Cas9 kuti ziphatikize mikhalidwe itatu yofunikira iyi: phenotype yocheperako, chizolowezi chokulirakulira komanso maluwa osakhalitsa. Kuyenerera kwa mitundu ya phwetekere 'yosinthidwa' kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'munda waulimi kunatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero amunda ndi malonda afamu [56].
Ndemanga ya kuswana kwa mamolekyu kuti apange mbewu zabwino idakambirana za mtengo wowonjezera wa zinthu zaulimi popanga mbewu zaulimi zokhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso ngati mankhwala odyedwa [46]. Njira zazikulu zopangira mbewu zaulimi zokhala ndi thanzi labwino zidadziwika monga kudzikundikira kwa michere yambiri yofunikira yamkati kapena kuchepa kwa zinthu zosafunikira, komanso kudzikundikira kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali zomwe.
sizimapangidwa nthawi zambiri m'mbewu.
4. Mavuto ndi Mwayi Wolima Mbeu Zotetezedwa ndi Kulima M’nyumba
Malo otetezedwa otetezedwa komanso kulima m'nyumba ali ndi vuto laling'ono la chilengedwe. Ngakhale kulima mbewu pamalo obisalako kumafuna mphamvu zambiri kuposa njira zina zambiri zaulimi, kuthekera kochepetsera zovuta zanyengo, kuwonetsetsa kuti kuwoneka bwino komanso kulima zakudya zabwinoko kumalimbikitsa kuperekedwa kwa zokolola zabwino nthawi zonse, kubweretsa phindu lomwe limaposa mtengo wowonjezera wopangira. [18]. Mavuto akuluakulu pakukula kotetezedwa ndi awa:
• Kukwera mtengo chifukwa cha kukwera mitengo kwa nthaka mkatikati mwa mizinda ndi madera ozungulira mizinda;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri;
• Kufuna anthu ogwira ntchito zaluso;
• Kusamalira matenda popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala; ndi
• Kupanga ndondomeko ya kadyedwe kabwino—kuti tifotokoze ndi kutsimikizira za ubwino wa zokolola—za mbeu zomwe zimabzalidwa m’nyumba.
M’gawo lotsatirali, tikambirana zina mwa zovuta ndi mwayi wokhudzana ndi ulimi wotetezedwa.
4.1. Mikhalidwe Yabwino Yopangira Zopanga Zapamwamba ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwanzeru Zopangira
Kumvetsetsa zofunikira za mbewu pakukula kosiyanasiyana komanso pansi pa kuwala kosiyanasiyana ndikofunikira ngati alimi akuyenera kusunga mbewu zotsika mtengo m'malo olamuliridwa. Kusamalira bwino chilengedwe cha wowonjezera kutentha, kuphatikizapo nyengo ndi zakudya zake, komanso mapangidwe ake komanso makina, zimatha kuonjezera khalidwe la zipatso ndi zokolola kwambiri [57]. Zomwe zimakulirakulira zimatha kukhudza kukula kwa mbewu, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka m'thupi komanso kuzungulira kwa thupi. Pakati pa nyengo, kuwala kwa dzuwa ndikofunika kwambiri chifukwa photosynthesis imafuna kuwala, ndipo zokolola zimayenderana mwachindunji ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa mpaka kumadera a kuwala kwa photosynthesis. Nthawi zambiri, kuwongolera moyenera chilengedwe kumafuna kuwononga mphamvu zambiri, kuchepetsa phindu laulimi woyendetsedwa ndi chilengedwe. Mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira pakuwotcha ndi kuziziritsa wowonjezera kutentha zimakhalabe nkhawa yayikulu komanso chandamale cha omwe akufuna kuchepetsa mtengo wamagetsi [6]. Zipangizo zowala komanso matekinoloje apamwamba agalasi monga Smart Glass [58] zimapereka mwayi wochepetsera mtengo wokhudzana ndi kusunga kutentha kwa wowonjezera kutentha komanso kuwongolera kusintha kwachilengedwe. Masiku ano, matekinoloje aukadaulo agalasi ndi njira zoziziritsira zogwira mtima zikuphatikizidwa mukulima kotetezedwa m'malo opangira magalasi. Zipangizo zowuma zimatha kuchepetsa
kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi, mwa kuyamwa ma radiation ochulukirapo a dzuwa ndikuwongoleranso mphamvu yowunikira kuti apange magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito ma cell a photovoltaic [59,60].
Komabe, zophimbazo zimakhudza ma greenhouse microclimates [61,62] kuphatikiza kuwala [63] ndipo ndikofunikira kuwunika momwe zinthu zatsopano zimagwirira ntchito pakukula kwa mbewu ndi physiology, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, zokolola za mbewu komanso mtundu wamalo omwe zinthu zimayendera. monga CO2, kutentha, zakudya ndi ulimi wothirira zimayendetsedwa mwamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, semi-transparent Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) yotengera kusakanikirana kwa regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), ndi phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) anayesedwa kulima tsabola (Capsicum annuum). Pansi pa mthunzi wa ma OPVs, masamba a tsabola amabala zipatso zochulukirapo 20.2% ndipo zokhala ndi mithunzi zinali zazitali ndi 21.8% kumapeto kwa nyengo yolima [64]. Mu kafukufuku wina, kuchepa kwa PAR komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi mapanelo osinthika a photovoltaic padenga sikunakhudze zokolola, morphology ya zomera, chiwerengero cha maluwa pa nthambi, mtundu wa zipatso, kulimba ndi pH [65].
Kanema wa 'magalasi anzeru' otsika kwambiri, Solar Gard™ ULR-80 [58], akuyesedwa pakupanga magalasi. Cholinga chake ndikuzindikira kuthekera kwa zida zowumitsa zokhala ndi njira zosinthira zowunikira ndikuchepetsa kukwera kwamphamvu kwamagetsi komwe kumakhudzana ndi ntchito zaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa greenhouse horticulture. Kanema wa Smart glass (SG) akugwiritsidwa ntchito pagalasi lokhazikika la magalasi omwe ali m'malo omwe amalima mbewu zamasamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamalonda zolima ndi kusamalira [66,67]. Mayesero a biringanya pansi pa SG adawonetsa mphamvu zambiri komanso kuthirira bwino [42], komanso kuchepetsa zokolola za biringanya, chifukwa cha mitengo yambiri yamaluwa ndi / kapena kutaya kwa zipatso chifukwa cha kuwala kochepa kwa photosynthesis [58]. Kanema wa SG wogwiritsidwa ntchito angafunike kusinthidwa kuti apange kuwala koyenera komanso kuchepetsa malire a zipatso zokhala ndi mpweya wambiri monga biringanya.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano zopulumutsira magetsi monga magalasi anzeru kumapereka mpata wabwino kwambiri wochepetsera mtengo wamagetsi opangira magalasi ndikuwongolera mikhalidwe yopepuka yolima mbewu zomwe mukufuna. Makanema achikuto chanzeru monga mafilimu alimi a luminescent-light emitting Agriculture (LLEAF) ali ndi kuthekera kopititsa patsogolo komanso kuwongolera kukula kwa zomera ndi kuberekana pakulima kotetezedwa kwapakatikati. LLEAF
mapanelo atha kuyesedwa pa mbewu zosiyanasiyana zotulutsa maluwa ndi zosatulutsa maluwa kuti adziwe ngati zimathandizira kukulitsa kukula kwa zomera ndi zobereketsa (posintha momwe zimakhalira zomwe zimathandizira kukula kwa mbewu ndi zokolola ndi zabwino).
4.2. Kusamalira Tizirombo ndi Matenda
Ngakhale malo otetezedwa otetezedwa amatha kuchepetsa tizirombo ndi matenda, akangoyambitsidwa, amakhala ovuta kwambiri komanso okwera mtengo kuwawongolera popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala akupha. Kulima m'nyumba mowongoka kumalola kuyang'anira mbewu mosamala ngati zizindikiro za tizilombo kapena matenda, pamanja ndi/kapena zokha (pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje ozindikira) ndikutengera umisiri wamaloboti womwe ukubwera komanso/kapena njira zowonera kutali zimathandizira
kuzindikira koyambirira kwa miliri ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zomera zomwe zili ndi matenda ndi/kapena zodzala [7].
Njira za Novel Integrated Pest Management (IPM) [68] zidzafunika pakuwongolera bwino tizirombo m'malo obiriwira. Njira zoyendetsera bwino (zachikhalidwe, zakuthupi, zamakina, zachilengedwe ndi zamankhwala), komanso machitidwe abwino azikhalidwe, njira zotsogola zowunikira komanso kuzizindikiritsa zolondola zitha kupititsa patsogolo ulimi wa masamba pomwe kumachepetsa kudalira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Njira yophatikizira yoyendetsera matenda imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zosamva, ukhondo, miyambo yabwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera mankhwala ophera tizilombo [44]. Kupanga njira zatsopano za IPM kungachepetse ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo tatsopano, tomwe timalima mu malonda, ndi zothandiza mwachilengedwe (monga nsabwe za m'masamba, green lacewing, ndi zina zotero) pofuna kuthana ndi tizilombo towononga mbewu ndi kuchepetsa kudalira mankhwala. Kuyesa ma IPM atsopano osiyanasiyana
njira, paokha ndi kuphatikiza, zithandiza pakupanga mbewu- ndi malo malangizo enieni kwa alimi.
4.3. Ubwino wa Mbeu ndi Kadyedwe Kabwino
Kulima mbewu zotetezedwa kumapatsa alimi ndi ogwira nawo ntchito m'makampani zokolola zambiri komanso zokolola zapamwamba chaka chonse [69]. Kulima zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zoyamba, komabe, kumafuna kuyesedwa kwapamwamba kwa zakudya ndi makhalidwe abwino [70]. Makhalidwe abwino a zipatso amaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, pH, zolimba zosungunuka zonse, phulusa, mtundu wa zipatso, ascorbic acid ndi tittable acidity, ndi zakudya zapamwamba kuphatikizapo shuga, mafuta, mapuloteni, mavitamini ndi antioxidants; kulimba ndi kuyeza kutayika kwa madzi ndikofunikiranso pakutanthauzira ma index abwino [66]. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyezetsa kwabwino kwa zokolola kumatha kuphatikizidwa mu makina opangira ma greenhouses. Kuyang'ana ma genotypes a mbewu omwe ali ndi magawo abwino kudzapereka mitundu yatsopano ya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zamtengo wapatali, zopatsa thanzi kwa olima ndi ogula. Njira zaulimi kuphatikiza malo okulirapo komanso kasamalidwe ka mbewu ziyenera kukonzedwa kuti zithandizire kupanga ndi kuchulukitsitsa kwazakudya za mbewu zamtengo wapatalizi.
4.4. Ntchito ndi Luso-Kupezeka kwa Ntchito
Zofunikira pa ntchito yolima mbewu zotetezedwa zikuchulukirachulukira (> 5% pachaka) ndipo akuti anthu opitilira 10,000 ku Australia akugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi makampaniwa. Ngakhale kulima kotetezedwa kochuluka kumafuna anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito, makamaka pakupanga mbewu, kusamalira mbewu, kutulutsa mungu wamakina ndi kukolola zokolola. Ndi kuchuluka kwa kufunikira
kwa alimi aluso kwambiri, kupereka kwa ogwira ntchito mwaluso kumakhalabe kotsika [18,71]. Ogwira ntchito aluso adzafunikanso pakukula kwaulimi wakumatauni, womwe udzapangitse ntchito zatsopano zaukadaulo, oyang'anira mapulojekiti, ogwira ntchito yokonza ndi ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa [7]. Kukhazikitsa malo opangira mabizinesi apamwamba kumapereka mwayi woyankha mafunso ofufuza, potero kupititsa patsogolo cholinga chokulitsa zokolola zamitundu yosiyanasiyana pomwe tikupereka maphunziro ndi maphunziro a luso lomwe lingakhale lofunika kwambiri m'tsogolomu.
5. Zotsatira
M'malo obiriwira obiriwira okhala ndi umisiri wanzeru, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kopititsa patsogolo phindu mwa kukonza madera ovuta komanso/kapena ovutirapo ntchito monga kuyang'anira mbewu, kutulutsa mungu, ndi kukolola. Kukula kwa AI, ma robotics ndi ML akutsegula miyeso yatsopano yolima mbewu zotetezedwa. Mafamu oyima amakhala gawo laling'ono pamsika waulimi wapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo, ngakhale kuli kogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, ulimi woyimirira umapereka zokolola zosayerekezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi komanso michere yambiri. Kupanga kwachuma kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndikofunikira ngati ulimi wotetezedwa ukhale wothandiza kwambiri pachitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse lapansi. Njira zotetezedwa ndiukadaulo wocheperako komanso wapakati zimatulutsa makamaka phwetekere, nkhaka, zukini, capsicum, biringanya ndi letesi mbewu, pamodzi ndi masamba ndi zitsamba zaku Asia.
Kukula kwa malo akuluakulu oyendetsedwa ndi chilengedwe ku Australia kwangokhala kokha pakulima tomato. Kupanga cultivars yoyenera kudzafuna kukulitsa makhalidwe angapo ofunika omwe amasiyana ndi omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika mu mbewu zakunja. Makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri pa ulimi wa m'nyumba ndi monga: kuchepetsedwa kwa moyo wa mbeu, kuphuka kosalekeza, kutsika kwa mizu ndi mphukira, kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito pansi pa photosynthetic yochepa.
kulowetsa mphamvu, ndi makhalidwe abwino ogula, monga kukoma, mtundu, maonekedwe ndi zakudya zinazake.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuswana makamaka kwa mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri, zonenepa kwambiri kumatulutsa zinthu zabwino zamaluwa (komanso mwina, zamankhwala) zokhala ndi mtengo wabwino kwambiri wamsika. Phindu ndi kukhazikika kwa mbewu zotetezedwa kumadalira pakupanga njira zothetsera zovuta zoyambira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ogwira ntchito mwaluso, kasamalidwe ka tizirombo komanso kakulidwe kazinthu.
Zipangizo zatsopano zowunikira komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komwe akufufuzidwa kapena kuyesedwa komwe kumapereka njira zothetsera vuto lomwe likufunika kwambiri pakulima mbewu zotetezedwa. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku kungathe, kulimbikitsa kufunikira kothandizira gawo lotetezedwa lolima kuti lisinthidwe kukhala lokhazikika komanso lotsika mtengo lakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndikukwaniritsa zomwe zikukulirakulira kwa chitetezo cha chakudya, ndikusunga zokolola zabwino ndi zakudya.
zomwe zili, ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.
Zopereka kwa Wolemba: SGC adalemba ndemangayo ndikuyikapo ndi kukonzanso koperekedwa ndi DTT, Z.-HC, OG ndi CIC Olemba onse awerenga ndikuvomereza kusindikizidwa kwa zolembazo.
ndalama: Ndemangayi inachokera ku lipoti loperekedwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi Future Food Systems Cooperative Research Center, yomwe imathandizira mgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi mafakitale pakati pa mafakitale, ofufuza, ndi anthu ammudzi. Tinalandiranso thandizo la ndalama kuchokera ku ntchito za Horticulture Innovation Australia (Nambala ya Grant VG16070 kupita ku DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC; Nambala ya ndalama VG17003 ku DTT, Z.-HC; Nambala ya Grant LP18000 ku Z.-HC) ndi CRC pulojekiti P2 -013 (DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC).
Chidziwitso cha Board Review Board: Zosafunika.
Chidziwitso Chovomerezeka: Zosafunika.
Chidziwitso cha kupezeka kwa Data: Zosafunika.
Mikangano ya chidwi: Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.
Zothandizira
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