Jianming Xie1,2 & Jihua Yu1,2 & Baihong Chen1,2 & Zhi Feng1,2 & Jian Lyu1,2 & Linli Hu1,2 & Yantai Gan3 &
Kadambot HM Siddique4
1. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
3. Agriculture ndi Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Center, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
4. UWA Institute of Agriculture ndi School of Agriculture & Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
Kudalirika
M'madera / mayiko omwe ali ndi chitukuko chachuma, monga Africa, China, ndi India, malo olimako akucheperachepera chifukwa cha zomangamanga m'matauni ndi ntchito zina zamafakitale. Izi zimabweretsa zovuta zomwe sizinachitikepo kuti apange chakudya chokwanira kuti akwaniritse kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Kodi mahekitala mamiliyoni ngati chipululu, osalimidwa angapangidwe kuti apange chakudya? Kodi mphamvu zadzuwa zomwe zilipo zochuluka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito polima mbewu m'malo olamulirika, monga nyumba zotenthetsera kutentha kwa dzuwa? Apa, tikuwunikanso njira yatsopano yolima, yomwe ndi "Gobi Agriculture." Timapeza kuti njira yatsopano yaulimi ya Gobi ili ndi makhalidwe asanu ndi limodzi: (i) imagwiritsa ntchito nthaka ngati chipululu ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa monga mphamvu yokhayo yopangira zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba chaka chonse, mosiyana ndi kupanga wowonjezera kutentha komwe kumafunikira mphamvu. kukhutitsidwa ndi kuyaka mafuta oyaka kapena kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi; (ii) magulu a magulu olimapo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimapezeka kwanuko monga dothi ladongo la makoma a kumpoto kwa zipangizo; (iii) Zokolola zam'munda (zokolola zatsopano pagawo lililonse pachaka) ndi 10-Kuchulukitsa nthawi 27 komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino 20-35 kuwirikiza nthawi XNUMX kuposa malo otseguka achikhalidwe, kulima kothirira; (iv) Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimaperekedwa makamaka kudzera m'magawo achilengedwe omwe amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito fetereza popanga mbewu; (v) Zogulitsa zimakhala ndi malo otsika achilengedwe kuposa kulima m'munda wotseguka chifukwa cha mphamvu yadzuwa monga gwero lokhalo lamphamvu komanso zokolola zambiri pagawo lililonse lolowera; ndi (vi) Kukhazikitsa ntchito zakumidzi, zomwe zimathandizira kukhazikika kwa anthu akumidzi. Ngakhale dongosololi lafotokozedwa ngati a "Gobi-land miracle" pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, zovuta zambiri ziyenera kuthetsedwa, monga zolepheretsa madzi, chitetezo cha mankhwala, ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti ndondomeko zoyenera zikhazikitsidwe kuti zitsimikizire kuti dongosololi likukulitsa kupanga zakudya komanso kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha anthu akumidzi ndikuteteza chilengedwe chomwe chili pachiwopsezo.
Introduction
Malo olimapo paulimi ndi zinthu zochepa (Liu et al. 2017). M'mayiko omwe akutukuka mwachangu, monga China, India, ndi Africa, malo olima ambiri asinthidwa kukhala mafakitale (Cakir et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2000). Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwamizinda komwe kumapikisana ndi malo ndi ulimi (Zhang et al. 2016; Mueller et al. 2012), pali vuto lalikulu lomwe silinachitikepo pakukulitsa zokolola kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zazakudya ndi zomwe anthu akukula (Godfray et al. 2010). Ndizotheka kuti maiko otukuka omwe ali ndi minda yayikulu yolimidwa, monga Australia, Canada, ndi USA, atha kusintha madera odyetserako udzu kukhala malo olimapo misika yambewu padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kutero kutha kufulumizitsa kutayika kwa nkhokwe za kaboni ndikukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa chilengedwe (Godfray 2011).
M'malo ambiri owuma komanso owuma pang'ono, pali madera ambiri "Dziko la Gobi" (otchulidwa ngati malo osalimidwa), kuphatikiza mahekitala 1.95 miliyoni a malo achipululu m'zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi za kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China (Liu et al. 2010). Dziko la China likuchita khama lotukula malo a Gobi amenewa kuti azilimako chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano yolima mbewu, yotchedwa "Gobi Agriculture." Tidatanthauzira njira yolima iyi ngati "Dongosolo lolima lokhala ndi masango a pulasitiki otenthetsera kutentha omwe amapangidwa kwanuko, oyendetsedwa ndi dzuwa kuti apange zokolola zambiri, zokolola zatsopano (masamba, zipatso ndi zokongoletsa) mogwira mtima, mogwira mtima komanso mwachuma." (Xie et al. 2017). M'magulu ena ovuta kwambiri a magulu, nyengo yamagulu amatha kuyang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito odula deta. Mosiyana ndi ma greenhouses kapena magalasi opangira magalasi komwe kutenthetsa ndi kuziziritsa (mitengo iwiri ikuluikulu yopangira wowonjezera kutentha) nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa ndikuyaka mafuta oyaka (dizilo, mafuta amafuta, mafuta amadzimadzi, gasi) omwe amawonjezera CO.2 mpweya, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma heater amagetsi omwe amawononga mphamvu zambiri (Hassanien et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017), "Gobi Agriculture" machitidwe amadalira mphamvu ya dzuwa potenthetsa, kuziziritsa, ndi kutembenuza mphamvu yachilengedwe kukhala biomass ya zomera.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka ya Gobi popanga chakudya kwakula kwambiri ku China (Zhang et al. 2015). M'madera a kumpoto chakumadzulo, machitidwe olima nthaka a Gobi amatulutsa gawo lalikulu la ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimadyedwa m'deralo. Dongosololi likuchita gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti pakhale chakudya chokwanira, kukulitsa kukhazikika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu akumidzi. Ambiri amaona kuti ulimi wa nthaka wa Gobi ndi a "malo atsopano" kulima dongosolo. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya dongosololi ndi mwayi wokolola chakudya pa nthaka yomwe inali yosabereka. Dongosolo laulimi lamakonoli litha kukhala gawo losinthira ku ulimi wamakono. Komabe, pali kusowa kwa chidziwitso cha kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kwa njira zolimira malo a Gobi. Mafunso ambiri amakhalabe osayankhidwa: Kodi dongosololi lisinthika kukhala bizinesi yayikulu yopanga masamba? Kodi kulima kwa Gobi kudzakhudza bwanji chilengedwe m'nthawi yayitali? Kodi izi "chopangidwa ku China" Njira yolimira imagwira ntchito kumadera ena owuma okhala ndi malo olima omwe akucheperachepera, monga kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan (Kraemer et al. 2015), Siberia (Halicki and Kulizhsky 2015), ndi chapakati kumpoto kwa Africa (de Grassi ndi Salah Ovadia 2017)?
Poganizira mafunso awa, tidachita zowunikira mwatsatanetsatane zolemba zomwe zachitika posachedwa komanso zomwe zidapezeka mu kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ulimi. Zolinga za pepalali zinali (i) kuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kwa njira za ulimi wa Gobi-land zomwe zatengedwa kumpoto kwa China, kuphatikizapo zokolola, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi bwino (WUE), makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito zakudya ndi mphamvu, ndi zotsatira zomwe zingatheke pa chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe; (ii) kukambirana za zovuta zazikulu zomwe zikukumana ndi dongosololi, monga kupezeka kwa madzi amthirira, ubwino ndi chitetezo cha zokolola, ndi zotsatira zomwe zingakhudze bata ndi chitukuko cha anthu akumidzi; ndi (iii) kupereka malingaliro okhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko ndi zofunikira pa kafukufuku wa kufufuza kwabwino ndi chitukuko chokhazikika cha ulimi wa Gobi kwa nthawi yaitali.
Kuwunika mwachidule za zomangamanga za Gobi Land systems
Kuti timvetse mmene ntchito yolima minda ya Gobi imagwirira ntchito, tafotokoza mwachidule kamangidwe kake, uinjiniya, ndi kamangidwe kake. Zambiri pazachitukuko zili mu ndemanga yaposachedwa (Xie et al. 2017). Njira yolima minda ya Gobi imakhazikitsidwa pa malo osalimidwa a Gobi komwe sikungatheke kulima mbewu zachikhalidwe. Malo a Gobi amamangidwa mkati "masango" wa magawo opanga payekha. Malo ophatikizika amakhala ndi magawo angapo (mpaka mazana) olima pawokha kapena nyumba (Chith. 1a). Mikhalidwe ya microclimatic pagawo lililonse lolima imayang'aniridwa ndi malo olamulira apakati pomwe masensa akutali,
Mikhalidwe ya Microclimatic, monga kutentha kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi, imatha kusinthidwa m'magawo ena olima, pomwe machitidwe ena owunikira amalola kuti fertigation ikhale yokha. Matekinoloje ena apamwamba monga intaneti ya zinthu (Wang ndi Xu 2016) kapena intaneti ya zinthu (Li et al. 2013) akhoza kuikidwa mu malo olamulira kuti apereke kuwerengera kolondola kwa deta ya microclimatic yofalitsidwa kuchokera kumagulu akulima payekha. Komabe, izi sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo.
Chigawo chodziwika bwino cha kulima mkati mwa malo ophatikizana chimalunjika kum'mawa-ndi makoma atatu kumpoto, kum'mawa, ndi kumadzulo kwa nyumbayo. Kum'mwera kwa nyumbayi ndi denga lopindika lothandizidwa ndi chimango chachitsulo komanso chophimbidwa ndi filimu yowoneka bwino ya pulasitiki (Mkuyu. 2). Denga limapendekeka moyenera kuti zitsimikizire kuti kuwala kumadutsa masana (Zhang et al. 2014). Mphamvu zochokera kudzuwa zimasungidwa m'matenthedwe a makomawo ndikumasulidwa ngati kutentha usiku. M'nyengo yozizira, denga limakutidwa ndi udzu wopangira kunyumba usiku uliwonse kuti musunge kutentha kwamkati (Tong et al. 2013).
Chigawo chofunikira kwambiri pakulima kulikonse ndi khoma lakumpoto lomwe limamangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwanuko monga njerwa zadongo (Wang et al. 2014), midadada ya udzu (Zhang et al. 2017), njerwa wamba ndi styrofoam (Xu et al. 2013), mayunitsi omanga phulusa (Xu et al. 2013), midadada yadothi yosakanizidwa ndi matope a simenti (Chen et al. 2012), dziko lapansi (Guan et al. 2013), kapena nthaka yaiwisi yophatikizidwa ndi midadada ya konkire. M'magawo ena, khoma lakumpoto limamangidwa kuchokera "zinthu zosintha gawo" kukhathamiritsa kusungirako kutentha ndi kusinthanitsa, motero, kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa kukula kwa mbewu (Guan et al. 2012).
Chimodzi mwazosiyana kwambiri pakati pa malo ophatikizika a Gobi ndi ma greenhouses kapena nyumba zamagalasi ndi gwero lamagetsi. Chigawo chilichonse cholima mumsika wophatikizika wa Gobi chimayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Kutentha kwa dzuwa kumatengedwa ndi khoma lakumpoto masana ndikumasulidwa usiku. Mphamvu yosagwiritsidwa ntchito masana ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito usiku. A "kutsekereza madzi" Makinawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka kutentha kowonjezera usiku wachisanu, pomwe gawo laling'ono la nthaka mkati mwa chipindacho limadzazidwa ndi madzi kuti agwiritse ntchito ngati media yosinthira kutentha (Xie et al. 2017). Masana, madzi amazungulira ndikudutsa makatani omwe amamwa madzi, ndi kutentha kwakukulu kuchokera ku dzuwa losungidwa m'madzi; usiku, madzi ofunda amazungulira ndikudutsa makatani amadzi ndi kutentha kumasulidwa kumlengalenga mkati mwa unit. Mphamvu yosungiramo mphamvu mu "kutsekereza madzi" Dongosolo limatengera zinthu zambiri, monga kuwala kwadzuwa kwachindunji, ma radiation a isotropic omwe amafalikira kuchokera kumwamba, kuwonekera kwa mumlengalenga, komanso kutulutsa kutentha kuchokera mufilimu yapulasitiki padenga (Han et al. 2014). Ndi kusinthika kwa machitidwe olima, makina otenthetsera apamwamba kwambiri akupangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo kusungirako kutentha ndi kumasulidwa.
Kupititsa patsogolo sayansi ya machitidwe olima minda ya Gobi
Njira zolimira minda ya Gobi zimasiyana ndi kulima kwanthawi zonse kumunda komwe mbewu zimadyetsedwa ndi mvula kapena kuthirira. Amasiyananso ndi kulima mbewu m'malo obiriwira obiriwira kapena magalasi pomwe mphamvu zimaperekedwa kwambiri ndi gasi kapena magetsi. Njira zolilira minda ya Gobi zili ndi mawonekedwe apadera, ena mwa omwe awonetsedwa pansipa.
Kuchulukitsa zokolola
Mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'minda ya Gobi zimabala zipatso kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito bwino nthaka (mwachitsanzo, zokolola pagawo lililonse la malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito) kusiyana ndi kulima m'munda wamba. Mwachitsanzo, dera lakum'mawa kwa Hexi Corridor kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China lili ndi nthawi yayitali (1960).-2009) kuwala kwa dzuwa kwapachaka kwa 2945 h, kutentha kwapachaka kwa mpweya 7.2 ° C, komanso nthawi yopanda chisanu ya masiku 155 (Chai et al. 2014c); mayunitsi a kutentha ndi okwanira kutulutsa mbewu imodzi pachaka koma osakwanira kutulutsa mbewu ziwiri pachaka malinga ndi machitidwe achikhalidwe otseguka. Mu Gobi-land system, mbewu zimatha kulimidwa m'miyezi yambiri kapena chaka chonse. Avereji ya zokolola zapachaka pazaka 5 (2012-2016) m'malo olima ku Jiuquan Experimental Station anali 34 t ha-1 za muskmelon (nkhaka melo L.), 66t ha-1 za chivwende (Citrullus lanatus L.), 102t ha 1 kwa tsabola wotentha (Kutulutsa kwa Capsicum, C. frutescens), 168t ha 1 za nkhaka (cucumis sativus L.), ndi 177 t ha 1 za tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), omwe ali 10-Nthawi za 27 kuposa zomwe zili m'malo otseguka achikhalidwe pansi pa nyengo yomweyo (Xie et al. 2017). Zotsatira zofananazi zawonedwanso kwina kumpoto kwa China, monga chigawo cha Wuwei chakum'mawa kwa chigawochi.
Hexi Corridor. Zokolola zokololazi zinawerengedwa pa malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu olimapo, komanso malo omwe amagawidwa ndi magulu amtundu uliwonse mkati mwa dongosolo lolamulira lomwelo. Madera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi otengera zinthu zolowera ndi kutsatsa malonda.
Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi moyenera
Limodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zaulimi m'madera ambiri owuma ndi ouma ndi kusowa kwa madzi. Kusunga madzi kapena kukonza WUE (zokolola pa yuniti imodzi ya madzi operekedwa, owonetsedwa ngati kg ha-1 pereka m-3 madzi) pakupanga mbewu ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwaulimi. Njira zolilira minda ya Gobi zimapereka zabwino zambiri pakupulumutsa madzi, pomwe mbewu zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa poyerekezera ndi mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'munda wamba. Mwachitsanzo, pazaka 4 (2012-2015) ya miyeso mu malo a Gobi m'chigawo cha Jiuquan, phwetekere amafunikira 385-466 mm ulimi wothirira wonse, mpweya wa nyengo umachokera ku 350 kufika ku 428 mm, ndipo kulemera kwa phwetekere kunali kuyambira 86 mpaka 152 ha-1. Mbewu zina zazikulu zamasamba zidapindula kwambiri ndi WUE (kg zokolola zatsopano m-3), kuphatikizapo 15-21 madzi a muskmelon, 17-23 za tsabola wotentha, 22-28 za chivwende, 2835 ya nkhaka, ndi 35-51 kg ya tomato. M'dongosolo lino, WUE ya phwetekere, mwachitsanzo, inali 20-Kuchulukitsa kuwirikiza 35 kuposa mbewu zomwezo zomwe zimabzalidwa m'minda yolima, yotseguka (Xie et al. 2017).
Njira yolimbikitsira WUE m'magawo a Gobi sikumveka bwino. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti zinthu zazikulu zomwe zikuthandizira ndi izi: (a) kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbewu zamtundu wa Gobi kumatengera zomwe mbewu zimafunikira kuti zikule bwino (Liang et al. 2014) yomwe imakonzedweratu ndikuwongoleredwa kudzera pa mita yoyika madzi (Mkuyu. 3a). Kutengera woyendetsa unit's chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso, njira yothirira yocheperako nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito (Mkuyu. 3b) zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira pazigawo zosafunikira zakukula (Chai et al. 2014b). Kuthirira pang'ono pang'ono kumatha kulimbikitsa njira zodzitetezera ku mbewu kuti zithandizire kupirira chilala (Romero ndi Martinez-Cutillas 2012; Wang et al. 2012). Kukula kwa zotsatira za kuthirira kocheperako pakukula kwa mbewu kumasiyana ndi mitundu ya mbewu ndi zinthu zina (Chen et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2010); (b) Njira zothirira m'minda ya Gobi zikuyenda bwino nthawi zonse, monga kuthirira kwapansi panthaka (Chith. 3c) tsopano ndi njira yothirira yodziwika kwambiri; (c) Njira zosiyanasiyana zoumitsira mulching zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa madzi pamwamba pa nthaka. Dera lobzala mkati mwa gawo lolima nthawi zambiri limakutidwa ndi filimu yapulasitiki nthawi yakukula (Mkuyu. 3d), kuphatikizapo madera apakati pa mizere ya zomera (Mkuyu. 3e). Kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa nthunzi ndi kuonjezera kutentha kwa mpweya ndi zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi moyenera; (d) madzi enaake otuluka nthunzi kuchokera pansi amawagwiritsanso ntchito m'malo olima chifukwa kulima kumakhala kotseka; ndi (e) njira zamakono za agronomic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posamalira mbewu mu gawo la ulimi (Mkuyu. 3f), monga kudulira nthambi kuti muwonjezere kuwala (Du et al. 2016), kukhathamiritsa mpweya wabwino kuti muchepetse CO2 kwa photosynthesis ya zomera ndi zochitika za matenda (Yang et al. 2017), ndikulowetsa malo oyambira kuthirira kwamasiku angapo kuti muchepetse kutuluka kwa nthaka (Li et al. 2016); zonsezi zimathandiza kuonjezera zokolola komanso kukweza WUE.
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa michere
Mosiyana ndi kulima kwamwambo komwe feteleza opangira ndiwo amapangira chakudya chambiri, zinthu zachilengedwe monga udzu, manyowa a ziweto ndi zinthu zina zochokera m'mafakitale azakudya, njira zopangira mphamvu komanso zobwezeretsanso zinyalala za anthu.-ndiye gwero lalikulu lazakudya pamakina olima minda ya Gobi. Zowonongekazo zikuyimira njira ina yopangira malonda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga wowonjezera kutentha. Kuti mukhale gawo laling'ono lolima nthaka ya Gobi, zida za organic ziyenera kukhala ndi izi (Fu et al. 2018; Fu ndi Liu 2016; Fu et al. 2017; Ling ndi al. 2015; Nyimbo ndi al. 2013): (i) kuchulukirachulukira kochepa, kutsekemera kwambiri, komanso kusunga madzi; (ii) kuchuluka kwa ma cation exchanges ndi mineral mineral content, ndi pH ndi EC yoyenera; (iii) kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya enzyme, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatheka powonjezera tizilombo tating'onoting'ono toyenera; (iv) kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono; ndi (v) kukhala opanda udzu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tochokera m'nthaka. Mtundu wa zinthu, njira yopangira, kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka, ndi nyengo yomwe magawowo amapangidwira amatha kukhudza thupi, mankhwala, komanso chilengedwe cha zinthuzo, motero, mtundu wa gawo lapansi (Fu et al. 2017; Nyimbo ndi al. 2013).
Kupanga gawo laling'ono lodzipangira kunyumba kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo (mkuyu. 4a): (i) Udzu wa mbewu (monga chimanga) umatengedwa kuchokera ku midzi ya m’midzi, kutumizidwa ku malo pafupi ndi malowo, kuwadula 3.-Zidutswa zazitali za masentimita 5, musanawonjezere feteleza wochepa wa nayitrojeni (1.4 kg N pa 1000 kg ya udzu wouma wa chimanga) kuti musinthe chiŵerengero cha C:N cha kompositi kukhala pafupifupi 15:1; (ii) pafupifupi 1 kg ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono toyambitsa matenda pa 1000 kg yazinthu zachilengedwe imawonjezedwa; (iii) siteji yoyamba ya kuwira kumaphatikizapo kuunjika udzu pansi (mwachitsanzo, 1 m kutalika x 1.2 mamita m'lifupi pansi ndi 3.0 m m'lifupi pamwamba) pamaso kukulunga ndi filimu yapulasitiki; (iv) kutentha kwa mulu kumawunikidwa ndipo madzi amawonjezeredwa kuti asunge chinyezi pa 2.0-65% kwa momwe akadakwanitsira tizilombo ntchito; (v) Gawo lachiwiri la kuwira limafuna kusokoneza mulu uliwonse 68 masiku ndi kuyang'ana kutentha pamwamba 30 cm. Kusokonezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti kutentha ndi chinyezi zimasungidwa pamlingo woyenera kwambiri wa zochitika zazing'ono; ndi (vi) kuzungulira tsiku la 32-34 pambuyo pa kuthirira, zinthuzo zimasamutsidwa ku malo osungira okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito polima. Gawo lanyumba lanyumba nthawi zambiri limayikidwa pa 2-3t ha 1 kumadera olima mkati mwa gawo lolima ndipo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo asanasinthidwe. Zakudya zomwe zili m'magawo ang'onoang'ono zimatha kubwezeretsedwanso pamlingo wopangira powonjezera zakudya zakunja (Mkuyu. 4b). Udzu wa organic substrate umapezeka kwanuko, ndipo njira zambiri zopangira zimagwiritsa ntchito makina omangidwa mnyumba.
Momwe michere ya gawo lapansi imaperekera ku mbewu zimasiyanasiyana pakati pa magulu amagulu. Alimi ambiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China amagwiritsa ntchito (1) ngalande, pomwe ngalande (nthawi zambiri 0.4)-0.6 m m'lifupi, 0.2-Kuzama kwa 0.3 m, ndi 0.8-1.0 m pakati pa ngalande zoyang'ana kumpoto-kum'mwera) amapangidwa pansi mkati mwa gawo lolima, lopangidwa ndi konkriti, matabwa kapena njerwa, zodzazidwa ndi gawo lapansi musanabzalidwe (Mkuyu. 5a), ndikukutidwa ndi filimu yapulasitiki kuti mbande zikule (mkuyu. 5b). Akangomangidwa, ngalandezi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mosalekeza kwa zaka zopitilira 20; kapena (2) lonse-thumba gawo lapansi, kumene gawo lapansi wokutidwa mu matumba apulasitiki munthu (mtundu wa thumba m'mimba mwake 0.5 m ndi 1.0 m utali) mu chatsekedwa yaying'ono chilengedwe. Zakudya zimatulutsidwa m'matumba pamene zomera zikukula (Mkuyu. 5c). Mabowo amapangidwa pamwamba pa matumba obzala mbewu (mkuyu. 5d) ndi kudontha ulimi wothirira m'mabowo.
Njira ziwirizi zimasiyana mu mawonekedwe awo. Njira yopangira ngalande imalola alimi kuti awonjezere feteleza mosavuta pagawo ngati pakufunika. Kwa mbewu zina, monga chivwende, kuwonjezera feteleza wosakhazikika ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire zokolola zambiri. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa ndi feteleza wachilengedwe kumatha kuchulukitsa zokolola koma kumasiya michere yambiri m'nthaka komanso kuchuluka kwa nitrate-N pamwamba pa nthaka (Gao et al. 2012). Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti njira ya thumba lonse ndiyothandiza kwambiri kuposa ngalande (Yuan et al. 2013) chifukwa matumba okulungidwa amathandiza kuti gawo lapansi lilekanitsidwe mwakuthupi kuchokera pansi; motero, kuchepetsa mwayi wowononga magawo omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka. Komabe, thupi ndi mankhwala a gawo lapansi (mu ngalande kapena matumba okulungidwa) amatha kuwonongeka nthawi iliyonse yokolola (Song et al. 2013), zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya chakudya (Song etal. 2013). Chifukwa chake, kukonzanso kwa substrate ndikofunikira.
Kuchulukitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu
Njira zolimira minda ya Gobi zimatengera mphamvu ya dzuwa. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangidwa kuti kasunge kutentha kwambiri monga momwe kungathekere pogwiritsa ntchito ndi kusunga mphamvu zochokera kudzuwa. Kutentha kwa dzuwa tsiku ndi tsiku, mphamvu ya dzuwa, komanso masiku opanda chisanu pachaka ndizofunikira pakuwotcha magawo olima. Kum'mawa mpaka chapakati Hexi Corridor, monga Wuwei County (37° 96' N, 102° 64' E), Chigawo cha Gansu, ndi malo oyimira kumene malo ophatikizana a Gobiland akukhazikika. Pafupifupi 6150 MJ m 2 kutentha kwa dzuwa pachaka ndi masiku 156 opanda chisanu kumathandiza mitundu yambiri ya mbewu zamasamba kuti zikhwime ndi khalidwe lapamwamba. Kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino ma radiation ya solar, oyang'anira magawo olima amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti awonjezere kusungirako kutentha ndikuwonjezera kutentha, monga zigawo ziwiri za filimu yakuda yapulasitiki yomangika ku khoma lakumpoto (Xu et al. 2014), mbale zotetezera kutentha zimayikidwa padenga (Sun et al. 2013), njira zochepetsera kutentha kwa nthaka kuti ziwonjezere kutentha kwa mkati (Xu et al. 2014), ndi nthaka ya geotextile ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chivundikiro cha pansi kuti chiteteze kutentha. Komanso, mapampu otentha a dzuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutentha kwa madzi m'matangi osungira madzi otentha m'malo ena olima (Zhou et al. 2016). Posachedwapa, mbale zoteteza kutentha zayikidwa pamwamba padenga kuti ziwonjezeke kutentha (Sun et al. 2013). M'malo ena obiriwira obiriwira adzuwa omwe ali m'malo ophatikizika, matekinoloje apamwamba adzuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zosungirako zotentha, kupanga magetsi a photovoltaic, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala (Cuce et al. 2016). Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa popanga mbewu zobiriwira kwapita patsogolo m'malo/maiko ambiri (Farjana et al. 2018), kuphatikizapo Australia, Japan (Cossu et al. 2017), Israel (Castello et al. 2017), ndi Germany (Schmidt et al. 2012), komanso mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene monga Nepal (Fuller ndi Zahnd 2012) ndi India (Tiwari et al. 2016). Ku China, kuyika ma module amakono a dzuwa ndi okwera mtengo pakalipano, ndikuyerekeza kubweza kwa zaka 9 (Wang et al. 2017). Tikuwona kuti pamene njira yolima ikukula ndiukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa solar, nthawi yobwezera idzafupikitsidwa.
Kutentha kwa mpweya mkati ndi kunja kwa magulu amagulu kumatha kuyambira 20 mpaka 35 ° C m'nyengo yozizira kumpoto kwa China. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo oyendera dzuwa ku Lingyuan (41° 20' N, 119° 31' E) m'chigawo cha Liaoning, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, pamtunda wa 12-m, 5.5-m kutalika, 65-m kutalika kwa solar wowonjezera kutentha ndi machitidwe osungira kutentha, kutentha kwa usiku mkati kunafika 13 ° C pamene kunja kunali -25.8 °C, kusiyana kwa 39 °C (Sunetal. 2013).
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kupanga chakudya ndi mbali yofunika ya "Gobi Agriculture" machitidwe kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China. Izi zimasiyana ndi nyumba zosungiramo zachilengedwe kapena zosungiramo magalasi zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zamagetsi zakunja kuti zikule mbewu, zomwe zitha kukhala zodula pazachuma komanso zachilengedwe (Hassanien et al. 2016; Canakci et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2017). Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi pachaka m'malo obiriwira wamba imatha kukhala yopitilira 500 kW hmy (Hassanien et al. 2016), ndi ndalama zokwera ngati USD $65,000150,000 pachaka (mu phunziro la Turkey) (Canakci et al. 2013). Padziko lonse lapansi, kukula kwa zokolola zamasiku onse owonjezera kutentha kwacheperachepera chifukwa chakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso nkhawa zakutulutsa mpweya.
Zopindulitsa zachilengedwe
Kutenthetsa nyumba zaulimi ndi mafuta oyaka, monga malasha, mafuta, ndi gasi, kumathandizira kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Dongosolo la kulima nthaka ya Gobi yoyendetsedwa ndi dzuwa limapereka ubwino wowonjezereka wa chilengedwe chifukwa (i) kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, monga kulima mbewu kumadalira mphamvu ya dzuwa, mosiyana ndi nyumba zagalasi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi magetsi kapena gasi wachilengedwe umene umatulutsa mpweya waukulu wowonjezera kutentha; (ii) njira yopulumutsira madzi, chifukwa kulima mbewu kumachitika pansi pa denga la pulasitiki lokhala ndi nthunzi wochepa wa nthaka ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha mpweya: kutuluka kwa nthunzi. Kuthirira kumayang'aniridwa ndikuwongoleredwa ndi kompyuta yapakati yomwe imathandizira kuthirira moyenera ndikutaya madzi pang'ono; (iii) Kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa dongosolo lonse (Chai et al. 2012) kapena chopondapo pa kulemera kwa yuniti ya masamba atsopano kutengera kuwunika kwa moyo (Chai et al. 2014a). Mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'magulumagulu zimakhala ndi zokolola zambiri pagawo lililonse (monga feteleza, malo ogwiritsira ntchito nthaka) zokhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa CO.2 amasinthidwa kukhala biomass yobzala kudzera mu photosynthesis yowonjezereka kuposa njira zolimira pamalo otseguka (Chang et al. 2013); ndi (iv) kugwiritsa ntchito kompositi gawo lapansi kumatha kuwonjezera mpweya wa nthaka pakapita nthawi (Jaiarree et al. 2014; Chai et al. 2014a).
Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti CO2 kukhazikitsidwa ndi zomera m'makina olima pulasitiki opangira mphamvu ya solar-energy kuwirikiza kasanu ndi katatu kuposa momwe zimakhalira m'munda wamba (Wang et al. 2011). Zambiri za CO2 kukonza m'mayunitsi olima kumatanthauza kuchepa kwa CO2 mpweya mumlengalenga (Wu et al. 2015). Kukula kwa zotsatira zake kumasiyana malinga ndi malo komanso kapangidwe ka magawo olima (Chai et al. 2014c). Kafukufuku wasonyezanso kuti kulima malo kumalola zomera kukonza CO yambiri2 kuchokera mumlengalenga ndikutulutsa mpweya wocheperako pa kilogalamu iliyonse yazinthu (Chang et al. 2011). Palibe kutentha kwina komwe kumaperekedwa ku magawo olima, ngakhale nthawi yozizira, kupulumutsa pafupifupi 750 Mg ha.-1 mphamvu poyerekeza ndi wamba, malasha kutentha wowonjezera kutentha (Gao et al. 2010). Kulima kwa Gobiland ndi njira yanzeru yochepetsera mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Komabe, kuwunika kwa moyo wolima malo kulibe m'mabuku, ndipo kafukufuku wozama kwambiri amafunikira kuti awone momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira machitidwe olimawa.
Ubwino wa chilengedwe
Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China kuli ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa komanso kutentha komwe kumakhala ndi dzuwa lapachaka kuyambira 2800 mpaka 3300 h. Kupanga njira zolimira minda ya Gobi zokhala ndi mphamvu yadzuwa zimatha kusintha kuwala ndi kutentha zinthu kukhala kupanga chakudya ndikupereka phindu lalikulu pazachilengedwe, zomwe zina zafotokozedwa pansipa.
Choyamba, nthaka ya Gobi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa mbewu zabwino zopezera chakudya. Ku China, malo olimapo pa 100 munthu aliyense ndi 8 ha (FAOSTAT 2014), ochepera kwambiri kuposa mahekitala 52 ku USA, mahekitala 125 ku Canada, ndi mahekitala 214 ku Australia. Zida za Cropland ku China zikucheperachepera chifukwa chakukula kwamizinda. Poyang'anizana ndi malo ochepa olimidwa pamunthu aliyense, komanso malo olima omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga m'matauni, dziko la China lidachitapo kanthu poyang'ana malo ochulukirapo a Gobi omwe amalimapo mbewu (Jiang et al. 2014). Kulima kwachikhalidwe sikutheka pamtundu wa chipululu, wamtundu wa Gobi wosabala (Mkuyu. 6a). Kumangidwa kwa malo olima mophatikizika pa nthaka ya Gobi kumapereka zinthu zapadera zochepetsera mikangano pakati paulimi ndi magawo ena azachuma (Chith. 6b) ndikuthandizira kupeza chakudya chotetezeka kudziko lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri.
Chachiwiri, njira zopangira zinthu zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwanuko. Chigawo chilichonse cholima mudongosolo chimamangidwa ndikuthandizidwa ndi mafelemu opangidwa kuchokera kumitengo, nsungwi, kapena ndodo zachitsulo. M’nyengo yozizira, mphasa zopangira udzu kapena mabulangete a zovala zotentha amawankhulira padenga lotsetsereka kuti azitha kutsekereza. Makoma a kumpoto a magawo olima amamangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimapezeka kwanuko, monga zitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi zokhala ndi udzu (Mkuyu. 7a), matumba a mchenga (mkuyu. 7b), mwala-kusakaniza simenti (mkuyu. 7c), kapena njerwa wamba (mkuyu. 7d).
Zipangizo zomwe zimapezeka kwanuko zimapereka phindu lalikulu pazachilengedwe komanso zachuma chifukwa zitha kupezedwa motsika mtengo kapena zosonkhanitsidwa kwaulere (mwachitsanzo, miyala ndi miyala m'malo achipululu oyandikana nawo), ndi zoyendera zochepa. Komanso, zida zonyamulira zinthu, kupanga magawo, ndi kulima mbewu zakhala zikupezeka pang'onopang'ono kuti kulima masango; izi zimathandiza kuthetsa kusowa kwa ntchito zaulimi m'madera ena akumidzi ku China.
Chachitatu, njira yolima iyi imapereka mwayi wopititsa patsogolo chilengedwe. Kudera lalikulu la kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, nthaka ya Gobi ilibe zomera (Mkuyu. 6a) zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chisalimba. Kukokoloka kwa mphepo kumakhala kofala ndipo kumakula kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mvula yamkuntho yafumbi yomwe imachitika pafupipafupi imayambira kumpoto chakumadzulo nthawi zambiri mpaka kumadera ena aku Asia. Kupanga njira zolimira mphamvu zadzuwa sikungotha kuyankha nthawi imodzi pakuchepa kwa malo abwino ku China, komanso kumathandizira kuchepetsa kufooka kwa chilengedwe m'chipululu kupita kumadera ouma kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China (Gao et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2017). Kusintha kwa malo osiyidwa a Gobi kukhala nthaka yaulimi kungathandize kukhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano la zachilengedwe, lomwe lidzasinthe maonekedwe achilengedwe akale ndi kukongoletsa chilengedwe.
Zotsatira zakukhazikika kwa anthu akumidzi
Chitukuko chachuma chakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China chatsalira m'chigawo chapakati ndi chakum'mawa, ndipo zigawo zambiri zamagulu ndizochepera paumphawi wadziko lonse. Kufufuza madera akuluakulu a Gobi kuti azilima zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba kumatsegula khomo kuti derali lipititse patsogolo chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zimasintha kuipa kwa chipululu cha Gobi kukhala phindu lazachuma lachigawo, osati kungolimbikitsa zaulimi komanso kuyendetsa mafakitale ena, zomwe zimathandiza kukhazikika kumidzi. Dongosolo laulimi lotsika mtengoli likukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusonkhanitsa anthu akumidzi.
Dongosolo la ulimi wa Gobi-land limalimbikitsa kupanga chakudya ndikuwonjezera ndalama zapakhomo. M'madera omwe ali ndi kutentha pamwamba -28 °C m'nyengo yozizira, nyumba zosungiramo zomera zogwiritsa ntchito dzuwa zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse za dzuwa ndi malo osalima kuti azibala zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba chaka chonse. Mbewu zomwe zili m'magulu olima mophatikizana zimabereka kwambiri kuposa zokolola m'munda wamba ndi kuchuluka kwa zolowa ndi zotuluka. Tidasanthula kuchuluka kwachuma m'maphunziro 14 ndi magawo 120 olima malo opangira mphamvu ya dzuwa (Xie et al. 2017) kuti apeze ndalama zonse za USD $56,650 ha 1 y 1,kuti 10-Kuchulukitsa ka 30 kuposa kuchokera kumunda wotseguka pamalo omwewo. Zotsatira zake, phindu lochokera kumunda wamasamba linali 10-15 kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa kupanga masamba otseguka komanso 70-Kuchulukitsa ka 125 kuposa chimanga chakumunda (Inde) kapena tirigu (Triticum kukondwerera) Kupanga.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zolimira zatsopanozi kumabweretsa mwayi wopeza ntchito kumidzi. Kulima malo kumasintha nyengo yachisanu kukhala nyengo yotanganidwa, yopindulitsa, zomwe zimabweretsa mwayi wogwira ntchito kumidzi, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira pamene mabanja amafamu nthawi zambiri amakhala. "kunyumba-yekha" opanda ntchito. Kupanga ndi kugulitsa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndizovuta kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito akumidzi ambiri atha kuperekedwa kuti azilima malo (mkuyu. 8a), pamene ena atha kuperekedwa kwa mayendedwe ndi kutsatsa zokolola kumadera akumaloko kapena madera apafupi (Mkuyu. 8b). Chofunika koposa, kukonza, kusungirako, kusunga, ndi kugulitsa zokolola zatsopano kumapereka mwayi wopezekapo ntchito, womwe umathandizira kuti pakhale gulu logwirizana (Chith. 8c) ndikulimbikitsa mzimu wa anthu akumidzi.
Palibe malipoti osindikizidwa okhudza momwe kulima kophatikizana kungakhudzire chitukuko cha anthu akumidzi. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti machitidwewa athandize kukhazikika ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu akumidzi. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zolimira malo a Gobi kumathandizira ulimi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China kupitilira malire oyambira. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikika kwa madera ndi kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali kumakulitsidwa chifukwa (i) njira zatsopano zamaukadaulo zimapangidwa nthawi zonse kuti zipititse patsogolo kulima kwa nthaka ku Gobi, monga kuswana mbewu, kukulitsa malo, ndi njira zothana ndi tizirombo, zomwe zimakhala njira yofunikira kuti madera akumidzi atukuke. njira yokhazikika; (ii) Kulima malo kumapereka zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba chaka chonse kwa anthu ammudzi, kukhutiritsa zofunikira za nzika zapakati pazakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zathanzi; ndi (iii) kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yatsopano yolima kumathandizira kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wamkati wamagulu ang'onoang'ono, popeza nzika zamagulu ang'onoang'ono zimafuna zakudya zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, zomwe zimakhutitsidwa ndi zokolola zatsopano za chaka chonse za machitidwe olima.
Zovuta zazikulu
Njira zolimira minda ya Gobi zakhala zikukula mwachangu ku China m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi kuthekera kokulitsa malo opangirako komanso kupanga (Jiang et al. 2015). Komabe, zopinga zina ndi zovuta ziyenera kuthetsedwa.
Kuvuta kwa gwero la madzi
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zaulimi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China ndi kusowa kwa madzi. Kupezeka kwa madzi abwino pachaka ndikotsika pa <760 m3 pa munthu y 1 (Chai et al. 2014b). Mu Hexi Corridor ya Chigawo cha Gansu, mvula pachaka ndi <160 mm pomwe evaporation pachaka ndi> 1500 mm (Deng et al. 2006). Malo ambiri omwe kale anali obala m'mphepete mwa Silk Road akhala "anasiya" m’zaka zaposachedwapa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi. Nthawi zambiri kulima mbewu kumunda kumagwiritsa ntchito mwachikhalidwe "kusefukira kwa madzi" ulimi wothirira woposa 10,000 m3 ha-1 pa nyengo yokolola (Chai et al. 2016). Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kwa madzi kukhoza kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kuwononga madzi apansi omwe sangapitirirekonso (Martinez-Fernandez ndi Esteve 2005). Kulima masamba kumafunikira madzi ochulukirapo pakakula nthawi yayitali, ndipo mvula singathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira kuti mbewu zikule bwino. Mu Hexi Corridor ya m'chigawo cha Gansu, komwe machitidwe olima malo ophatikizika achulukirachulukira m'zaka zaposachedwa, gwero lalikulu lamadzi m'magawo onse amachokera ku chipale chofewa chomwe chimapezeka paphiri la Qilian m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe chipale chofewa chimasungunuka m'nyengo yachilimwe ndikudyetsa mitsinje ndi madzi apansi panthaka. zigwa (Chai et al. 2014b). M'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, chipale chofewa choyezera pa Phiri la Qilian chakwera pamtunda wa 0.2 mpaka 1.0 m pachaka (Che ndi Li 2005), pamene madzi apansi panthaka m'zigwa (omwe amaperekedwa ndi madzi ochokera kumapiri) akugwa mosalekeza, ndipo kupezeka kwa madzi apansi kwatsika kwambiri (Zhang 2007). Chifukwa chake, malo ena achilengedwe omwe ali m'mphepete mwa msewu wakale wa Silk akuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono. Kufukula kwina kwa malo osungiramo madzi kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kupulumutsa mvula kuti ipereke madzi owonjezera, koma mphamvu yake imakhala yochepa. Momwe mungasungire madzi kapena kukulitsa WUE pakupanga mbewu ndikofunikira kuti njira zolimira ku Gobi zikhale zolimba kwa nthawi yayitali.
Malo osalimba a zachilengedwe
Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, malo operekedwa ndi osauka. Mapiri ndi zigwa, pamodzi ndi mapiri ndi malo a Gobi, zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chovuta kwambiri. Chilala chapafupipafupi ndi mphepo yamkuntho yafumbi zikuwononga chilengedwe. Pafupifupi 88% ya madera onse a Gansu Hexi Corridor akumana ndi chipululu, ndipo mzere wa chipululu ukusunthira kumwera kupita kuminda. Zochitika zachilengedwe kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China zafotokozedwa ngati "mphepo ikuwomba miyala paliponse ndi udzu wosamera;" chithunzi cha malo osalimba a zachilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'malo olima malo ndi chiwopsezo cha chilengedwe komanso chiwopsezo chaumoyo kwa ogwira ntchito. Kupanda mankhwala oyenerera opangira zinthu zobwezerezedwanso kungawononge madzi apansi panthaka, zomwe zingabweretse nkhawa kwa anthu wamba.
Zovuta pazantchito
Nthawi zambiri anthu ogwira ntchito paulimi amakhala ochepa komanso osakwanira, chifukwa achinyamata ambiri amasamukira m’mizinda kuti akapeze zofunika pamoyo wawo, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti m’madera akumidzi mukhale anthu ochepa ogwira ntchito zaulimi. Ndondomeko za boma zomwe zilipo panopa zolimbikitsa alimi kukhala ofunitsitsa kulima mbewu sizothandiza pa chitukuko cha anthu akumidzi, zomwe zikuwonjezera kusowa kwa ogwira ntchito kumidzi. Komanso, famu ya mabanja ngati gawo laulimi wodziyimira pawokha imakhalabe njira yayikulu yoyendetsera mafamu, ndipo ndondomeko za boma za umwini wa nthaka zitha kuletsa alimi kugula ndi kugulitsa malo, zomwe zingalepheretse chitukuko chachikulu cha njira zolimira malo. Kuphatikiza apo, milingo yamaphunziro kumpoto chakumadzulo nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika kuposa zigawo zapakati ndi kummawa. Boma Lalikulu lakhazikitsa mfundo zamaphunziro mokakamiza m'dziko lonselo, koma anthu ambiri kumpoto chakumadzulo akulephera kumaliza maphunziro a zaka 9. Zonse zomwe tatchulazi zingapangitse malo osayenerera operekera anthu ogwira ntchito kumidzi, zomwe zingalepheretse chitukuko chachikulu cha machitidwe a malo a Gobi.
Kukhazikika kwachuma
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa moyo, ogula amafuna zokolola zatsopano zamtundu wapamwamba komanso zopatsa thanzi. Pali anthu ochepa kwambiri (makamaka okhala ndi zidziwitso za Hui ndi Dongxiang) kumpoto chakumadzulo omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chodya masamba, chomwe chimafunikira zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zawo. Izi zimapanga mwayi wamisika yatsopano ndi zinthu zatsopano. Komabe, msika wa zokolola zatsopano zoperekedwa ndi minda ya Gobi ukhoza kuchulukirachulukira chifukwa kuchuluka kwa anthu m'zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi 6.6% yokha ya dziko.'s chiwonkhetso, ndi ndalama zotsika kwambiri zotayidwa pa munthu aliyense. Mu 2012, GDP pa munthu aliyense m'zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi kumpoto chakumadzulo inali 26,733 Yuan (yofanana ndi USD $4100), yomwe inali 31% pansi pa dziko.'s pafupifupi. Zopeza zochepa zokhala ndi ogula ochepa zitha kulepheretsa chitukuko cha misika yatsopano m'madera akumidzi ndikuyika zoopsa zazikulu kuti chuma chiziyenda bwino m'kupita kwanthawi. Maphunziro amafunikira kuti afufuze momwe dongosololi lingakhalire lokhazikika, ndi zomwe zingachitike kuti zitsimikizire kuti chuma chake chidzakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Tikuzindikira kuti pali kuthekera kwakukulu kogulitsa zokolola zatsopano kumadera okhala ndi anthu ambiri chapakati ndi kum'mawa kwa dzikoli. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti zofunikira pakukulitsa msika ziziyang'ana pa: (i) kukhazikitsa zomwe zimatchedwa "chinjoka-chain" malonda Logistics kuti ulalo "kulima-ogulitsa-ogulitsanso-ogula" mu unyolo wamtengo; (ii) kukonza njira zoyendera pakati pa madera okhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kazaulimi; ndi (iii) kupanga njira zoyendetsera bwino, inshuwaransi yachitetezo, ndi mitengo yabwino.
Mankhwala khalidwe ndi thanzi
Mitsuko ya heavy ndi yochuluka m'dothi lina la malo kusiyana ndi malo otseguka. Zokolola zomwe zimabzalidwa m'malo nthawi zina zimakhala ndi zitsulo zolemera kwambiri zomwe zimawopsezedwa kuposa masamba akutchire (Chen et al. 2016), mwina chifukwa zinyalala za anthu ndi zinyalala zina zimaphatikizidwa m'magawo. M'malo ena, feteleza wambiri wopangira amafika 670 kg N ha 1, pamodzi ndi 1230 kg N ha 1 kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe monga manyowa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse kupanga masamba (Gao et al. 2012). Kuonjezera apo, filimu ya pulasitiki yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito padenga ndi pansi m'magawo olima nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi esters of phthalic acids omwe amawonjezeredwa pakupanga filimu ya pulasitiki. Pakhoza kukhala zoopsa zanthawi yayitali kwa alimi omwe amakumana ndi zoipitsa (Ma et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). Miyezo ya phthalates mu dothi la China nthawi zambiri imakhala kumapeto kwa dziko lonse lapansi (Lu et al. 2018), ndipo mbewu zomwe zili m'malo opangidwa ndi pulasitiki kwambiri zimatha kukhala ndi ma phthalates ambiri (Chen et al. 2016; Ma et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). Kuwonekera kwa ogwira ntchito ku phthalates kumatha kukhala ndi ziwopsezo paumoyo (Lu et al. 2018). Kafukufuku amafunikira kuti apange njira zogwirira ntchito zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa phthalate pazokolola. Chiwopsezo chotsata kuchuluka kwa ma phthalates paumoyo wamunthu sichingakhale chaching'ono kapena chaching'ono koma chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Miyezo yazigawo za heavy metal iyenera kufotokozedwa muzogulitsa zomaliza. Njira zina zamakono zopangira zinthu zachilengedwe zingafunikire kupangidwa kuti nthaka iwonongeke kwambiri ndi zitsulo zolemera kwambiri kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya zitsulo zolemera kwambiri.
Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zachitukuko chokhazikika mu machitidwe a nthaka a Gobi
Njira zolimira m'malo osiyanasiyana zakhala zikukula mwachangu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China. Mu June 2017, pafupifupi mahekitala 3000 a malo a Gobi anali kulimidwa m'chigawo cha Gansu chokha. Derali lili ndi ubwino wa masamba kupanga, kuphatikizapo kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa nthawi yayitali, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku, ndi thambo loyera lopanda kuwonongeka kwa mpweya. Machitidwe olima malo amaganiziridwa kuti a "Gobi land miracle" za China'chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Tikupangira zotsatirazi zoika patsogolo ndondomeko kuti tiwonetsetse chitukuko chabwino cha dongosololi ndi kukhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali.
Kuyenderana pakati pa kufufuza ndi chitetezo
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti ndondomeko zikhazikitsidwe zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri "kuteteza chilengedwe ndikuyang'ana malo omwe apezeka kumene," kutanthauza kuti kutukuka kwa minda ya Gobi kusakhale ndi zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe. Ndondomekoyi iyenera kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe angalimbikitsire zokolola pamene akulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe. Mbiri ya chilengedwe, "green insurance," ndi "kugula zobiriwira" ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndikuphatikizidwa pakuwunika kukhazikika kwadongosolo. Ndondomeko zikufunikanso pakugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamankhwala, zitsulo zolemera ndi zinthu zovulaza, mankhwala otsalira otsalira, ndi kubwezeretsanso mafilimu apulasitiki, mwa zina. Mfundo zina zachindunji ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira za m'deralo. Mwachitsanzo, malo osungira madzi ayenera kumangidwa pamodzi ndi malo olima kumadzulo kwa Hexi Corridor komwe komweko komwe kulipo madzi otsegula kuti kuthirira malo olimako kumakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kutaya madzi panthawi ya mayendedwe ndi ulimi wothirira.
Kupanga njira zoyendetsera ntchito zamadzi komanso kupulumutsa madzi
Kuti agwiritse ntchito mokwanira malo ochuluka a Gobi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito madzi yokhazikika komanso yodalirika iyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Zofunikira zomwe zatsala pang'ono kukhazikitsidwa ndi izi: (i) malamulo oteteza madzi a "kuyeza madzi,""kuwongolera pobowola madzi," ndi "mitsinje ndi akasupe ulamuliro" ndi malamulo atsatanetsatane okhudza ufulu wamadzi, ma quota, mtengo, ndi kuwongolera kakhalidwe; (ii) kumanga malo osungira madzi amvula pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosungirako madzi amvula, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi a pamwamba pa nthaka, kufufuza kokonzekera madzi apansi panthaka, ndi kukhazikitsa chilolezo chothira madzi; (iii) kulimbikitsa udindo wa mabungwe oyang'anira m'magulu onse kuti athe kuwongolera kagawidwe ka madzi, kuthetsa kuwononga madzi, ndikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi moyenera; (iv) Kukhazikitsa njira zaulimi zopulumutsa madzi, kuphatikizira kuchoka ku kusefukira kwa madzi kapena kuthirira kwa mizere kupita ku ulimi wothirira wodontha pansi, kugwiritsa ntchito mulchi kuti muchepetse kutuluka kwa nthunzi, komanso kukonza ngalande zothirira; ndi (v) kwa nthawi yayitali, kukwezeleza kuswana kwa mitundu yopirira chilala, kusintha njira zaulimi, ndi kukonza zida zomangira malo.
Limbikitsani luso laukadaulo waulimi
Zipangizo zamakono zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chokhazikika cha machitidwe olima nthaka ku Gobi; motero, ndondomeko yaukadaulo iyenera kukhudza: (i) kumanga malo opangira zatsopano ndi malo oyesera, kukhazikitsidwa kwa "chandamale chandalama" makamaka kwa machitidwe olima minda ya Gobi kuti athane ndi zovuta zomwe zikufunika kuchitika mwachangu, komanso kuchulukitsidwa kwa ndalama mu kafukufuku / ziwonetsero ndi nsanja za techinnovation; (ii) Kukhazikitsa njira zowonjezeretsa luso laukadaulo-kumene malamulo a boma amalimbikitsa mabungwe ofufuza m'magulu onse kuti akwaniritse luso laukadaulo-ndi kukhazikitsa maofesi aukadaulo kuti agwire ntchito zaukadaulo kumidzi; (iii) kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zokopa ndi kusunga antchito kuti azigwira ntchito kudera la kumpoto chakumadzulo; (iv) kukulitsa maphunziro a alimi kupyola zaka 9 zokakamizika, kupititsa patsogolo luso laukadaulo kumadera akumidzi kudzera m'maphunziro aukadaulo, komanso kukulitsa m'badwo watsopano wa alimi kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zatsopano zaulimi; ndi (v) kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro apadera a mayunivesite ndi mabungwe ofufuza za anthu ogwira ntchito zaumisiri waulimi pofuna kulimbikitsa umisiri wapamwamba.
Sinthani mayendedwe a chakudya
Kuchuluka kwa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimapangidwa m'malo ophatikizana nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zimafunikira m'madera akumidzi komanso akumidzi. Kutumiza zokolola zatsopano munthawi yake kupita kumisika ina yapakhomo ndi kunja kudzawonetsetsa kuti kupanga ndi kugulitsa zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Ndondomeko zikufunika kuti zithandizire njira zotsatsa komanso kachitidwe. Mitengo iyenera kubzalidwa kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za misika yosiyanasiyana yomwe imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazakudya ndi zokometsera zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mitundu ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Ndondomekoyi iyenera kuthandizira misika yamagulu, malo ogulitsira, kasamalidwe kazinthu zozizira, ndi njira zowunikira zambiri. Pangafunike ndondomeko yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ka anthu
Limbitsani alimi akatswiri
Alimi ndi omwe akutenga nawo gawo pachitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu akumidzi, koma alimi achichepere ambiri asamukira kumizinda kuti akapeze ndalama zina, kusiya zokolola kwa zaka zambiri popanda zokolola zambiri m'malo ena (Seeberg ndi Luo 2018; Inu 2018). Pakufunika ndondomeko yomwe imathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zaulimi kuchokera ku chakudya cholimbikitsa alimi achinyamata kuti azikhala m'mafamu, zomwe zidzathandiza kuti anthu akumidzi azikhala okhazikika. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya ndondomekoyi iyenera kulimbikitsa alimi atsopano omwe ali ndi ziyeneretso zotsogola ndi luso la kasamalidwe, kuthandizira zotheka kuchoka ku minda yachikhalidwe, yodzidalira, yamagulu ang'onoang'ono a mabanja kupita ku mabizinesi akuluakulu-njira yotukula ulimi wamakono ku China. Ndondomeko yapano ya nthaka ingafunike kukonzedwanso, kulola alimi aluso, odziwa zambiri kukulitsa minda yawo ndikuwongolera kasamalidwe ka mafamu, ngati kuli koyenera.
Khazikitsani njira yabwino yothandizira anthu
Madera akumidzi kumpoto chakumadzulo akhala akutukuka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chapakati ndi kum'mawa kwa China. Ndondomeko zikufunika kuti pakhale njira zogwirira ntchito zothandiza anthu zomwe zimayang'ana kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro, thanzi ndi ntchito, ndi kupititsa patsogolo moyo wonse. Ulimi ndiye bizinesi yayikulu m'madera akumidzi. Ndondomeko zikufunika kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha mabungwe akuluakulu aulimi kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino nthaka ndi madzi ndi ndalama zowonjezera mabanja a mafamu. Pa ulimi wa Gobi-land, pakufunika ndondomeko yopititsa patsogolo ntchito zokolola, kukonza chakudya, ndi kagawidwe kazinthu m'madera akumidzi ndi oyandikana nawo. Kukonzekera bwino / kugawa kwamalo olima kumadera osiyanasiyana achilengedwe ndikofunikira kuti akwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana za ogula pazipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba pamlingo wachigawo/komweko ndikuwunika mwayi wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pakufunikanso ndondomeko yowonetsetsa chitetezo ndi mtundu wa zokolola kuchokera m'makina osungiramo zinthu zomwe zimafotokoza za kasungidwe, zoyendera, ndi kayendetsedwe ka zokolola zatsopano kunja kwa nyengo kuti achepetse kutayika kwatsopano ndi kukongola.
Mawuwo
Zida za nthaka ndizofunika kwambiri pa ulimi ndipo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zovuta zapadziko lonse zachitetezo cha chakudya komanso moyo wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akumidzi. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikuyembekezeka kufika pa 9.1 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2050 ndipo kupanga chakudya m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene kuyenera kuwirikiza kawiri kuyambira mulingo wa 2015. Malo a nthaka ali pamavuto akulu m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mizinda komwe kumapikisana ndi malo opezeka ndi ulimi. Dziko la China lakhazikitsa njira zolimira mbewu zatsopano ku Gobi "Gobi Agriculture," zomwe zimakhala ndi magulu ambiri (mpaka mazana) olima pawokha omwe amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimapezeka komweko ndipo amayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yadzuwa. Malo okhala ndi denga la pulasitiki, ngati wowonjezera kutentha amatulutsa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zabwino kwambiri chaka chonse. Tikuyerekeza kuti makinawa atenga mahekitala pafupifupi 2.2 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2020, kukhala maziko azakudya ku China.'s mbiri yaulimi. Pakuwunikaku, tazindikira zina mwa njira zolimira, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa zokolola zapadziko lonse, kuwongolera kwa WUE, komanso kupindula kwachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. Dongosolo laulimili limapereka mwayi wabwino wofufuza zinthu zomwe zikupezeka kwanuko kuti alemeretse anthu akumidzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madera akumidzi akukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Dongosololi likukumananso ndi zovuta zazikulu zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa.
Tidazindikira zina zofunika kwambiri komanso magawo omwe amafunikira pakufufuza kwakanthawi kochepa (3-Zaka 5) zomwe zingathandize kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa njira yapaderayi yolima. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti ndondomeko za boma zoyenera ndi machitidwe othandizira anthu m'madera akumidzi apangidwe kuti atsimikizire phindu lachuma komanso kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe cha machitidwe olima Gobi-land.
Kuvomereza Olembawo akufuna kuyamikira onse omwe adapereka nthawi ndi mphamvu zawo pochita nawo kafukufukuyu, komanso ogwira ntchito ku Vegetable Technical Service Center ya Suzhou District, Jiuquan, ndi Wuwei Agricultural Extension Services, Wuwei, Gansu, popereka deta. ndi zithunzi zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi.
ndalama Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa limodzi ndi a "State Fund Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (nambala ya thandizo 201203001),""China Agriculture Research Systems (nambala ya chithandizo CARS-23-C-07),""Gansu Province Science and Technology Key Project Fund (nambala ya thandizo 17ZD2NA015)," ndi "Fund Special for Science & Technology Innovation and Development Motsogozedwa ndi Gansu Province (nambala ya chithandizo 2018ZX-02)."
Kutsatizana ndi mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino
Kusamvana kwa chidwi Olemba amanena kuti alibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.
Tsegulani Nkhaniyi imagawidwa motsatira mfundo za Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), zomwe zimaloleza kugwiritsa ntchito, kugawa, ndi kutulutsa mopanda malire munjira iliyonse, malinga ngati mutapereka ngongole yoyenera. kwa olemba oyambirira ndi gwero, perekani ulalo wa chilolezo cha Creative Commons, ndikuwonetsa ngati zosintha zidapangidwa.
Zothandizira
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