Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito ya NASA ya Artemis 1 yopita ku Mwezi mu Novembala ndi gawo lina paulendo womwe tsiku lina udzatsogolera kuti anthu aziyendera dziko loyandikana nalo la Mars. Ntchito yaumunthu idzatsatira pambuyo pa ndege zambiri za robotic, zomwe zaposachedwa kwambiri zinali kutera kwa Perseverance rover pa dziko lapansi lofiira mu February 2021. Kwa maulendo a anthu ku Mars pali nkhani zambiri zamakono zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa, zofunika kwambiri pakati pa anthu. iwo kukhala chitetezo ku cheza ndi dzuwa ndi thanzi la ogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo njira yabwino yoperekera chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Choyang'ana komanso chovuta kwa akatswiri ambiri omwe amaphunzira izi ndi momwe angapewere zofooka zobisika zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kudya kosalekeza kwa chakudya chowumitsidwa. Kupezeka kwa zakudya zatsopano mwachiwonekere kudzakhala phindu lalikulu la thanzi ndi maganizo, ndipo chifukwa cha izi zidzakhala zofunikira kukula ndi kukolola zomera panjira. M'nkhaniyi, olembawo akuwunikiranso zomwe zikuchitika panopa komanso kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zakudya, zopindulitsa zachipatala ndi zamaganizo, komanso njira zomwe zingatheke kubzala mbewu pamalo ozama.
Malinga ndi NASA, zoopsa zazikulu zisanu zimawonekera paulendo wautali wamlengalenga: kuwala kwamlengalenga, kudzipatula ndi kukhala m'ndende, mtunda kuchokera pa Dziko Lapansi, mphamvu yokoka yochepa, ndi malo ankhanza ndi otsekedwa a chombo. Zomera zamoyo ndi zakudya zomwe zidangobzalidwa kumene zitha kutenga gawo lalikulu pochirikiza zitatu mwa izi: zakudya, zosowa zamankhwala ndi psychology ya ogwira ntchito.
zakudya
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe zimaperekedwa ku mlengalenga ziyenera kusinthidwa bwino kuti ogwira ntchito ayende ulendo wautali ali ndi thanzi labwino.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe zimaperekedwa ku ntchito zakuthambo ziyenera kusinthidwa bwino kuti ogwira ntchito aziyenda ulendo wautali ali ndi thanzi labwino. Monga kubweza kuchokera ku Earth kumakhala kovuta, kudziwa ndendende zakudya zoyenera komanso mawonekedwe ake enieni ndi cholinga chofunikira.
Kupewa kusowa kwa zakudya zofunikira ndizofunikira kwambiri, ndipo zosowa zatsatanetsatane zazakudya zaphunziridwa ndi NASA. Zambiri za "dongosolo" lazakudya zam'mlengalenga, komabe, zakhala zikusoweka. Makamaka, kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali kwa chakudya kumapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa mavitamini A, B1, B6 ndi C.
Kuchepetsa kulemera kwa astronauts ndi 2.4 peresenti pamasiku 100 mu microgravity, ngakhale ndizovuta zolimbitsa thupi zolimbitsa thupi. Akatswiri a zakuthambo awonetsanso kuti ali ndi vuto la kuchepa kwa zakudya za potaziyamu, calcium, vitamini D ndi vitamini K chifukwa chakudya choperekedwa sichimawalola kukwaniritsa zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku.
Zomera mwachibadwa zimakhala ndi mavitamini ndi mchere, ndipo kudya mwamsanga zakudya zatsopano kungapewe vuto la kusunga. Kuwadya kukakhala chowonjezera chabwino pazakudya zowumitsidwa.
Woyang'anira zakuthambo Scott Kelly adayamwitsa zinnias zakufa ku ISS. Adajambula maluwa aku Cupola kumbuyo kwa Earth ndikugawana chithunzicho ku Instagram yake pa Tsiku la Valentine mu 2016.
Medicine
Kuphatikiza pa mavitamini ndi mchere, zomera zimapanga ma metabolites ambiri achiwiri. Mankhwalawa atha kukhala othandiza kwambiri popewa zovuta zaumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, folate imakhudzidwa ndi kukonza DNA, koma zofunikira zake zimakwaniritsidwa pa 64 peresenti yokha ya masiku othawa. Monga ma telomeres, mathero a ma chromosome, atsimikiziridwa kuti asinthidwa kwambiri paulendo wautali wa ndege, kuwonjezera pa folate kudzera muzomera zatsopano kungathandize kuchepetsa ukalamba wa majini ndi zochitika za khansa.
Mwazitsanzo zina, masamba olemera a carotenoid amatha kupewa kupotoza kwa maso chifukwa cha microgravity, pomwe zakudya zouma zouma zimatha kuthandizira kupewa kuwonongeka kwa mafupa chifukwa cha radiation. Zomera zambiri zimakhala ndi ma antioxidants omwe angathandize kwambiri kuteteza DNA ya anthu ku masinthidwe opangidwa ndi ma radiation. Komabe, zakudya zochokera ku zomera sizokwanira ndipo njira zina ziyenera kupangidwa kuti ziteteze astronauts ku radiation.
Psychology
Kuphatikiza pa mavitamini ndi mchere, zomera zimapanga ma metabolites ambiri achiwiri
Popeza kudzipatula ndi mtunda zidzasokoneza kwambiri thanzi la oyenda mumlengalenga, chakudya ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri yochepetsera nkhawa. Kudya chakudya chowuma mufiriji pa chakudya chilichonse kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kutopa kwa menyu ndipo oyenda mumlengalenga amakonda kudya mochepera pakapita nthawi. Kudya zakudya zatsopano kumachepetsa kutopa kumeneku, makamaka popereka mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.
Ntchito inanso yopindulitsa ku thanzi la ogwira nawo ntchito ndi ulimi wamaluwa. Zomera zomwe zikukula zatsimikiziridwa kuti zili ndi zopindulitsa kwambiri, chifukwa zimatha kupatsa akatswiri a zakuthambo kumverera koyenda ndi gawo la Dziko lapansi. Kafukufuku wina adayesa kupeza zomera zomwe zili ndi zotsatira zopindulitsa kwambiri zamaganizo, chifukwa zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri pa thanzi la maganizo a ogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, sitiroberi amatha kusintha mayankho abwino amalingaliro, monga nyonga ndi kudzidalira, kuchepetsa kukhumudwa ndi kupsinjika pomwe coriander imatha kukonza kugona.
Choncho, ulimi wa malo opangira zomera ndi wokondweretsa pazakudya, zamaganizo komanso zachipatala. Komabe, kusowa kwa malo ndi makamaka kukula zinthu kuchepetsa chiwerengero ndi kusankha mbewu.
Zosankha zenizeni za mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasiyana, malingana ndi njira zomwe zafufuzidwa ndi munda (zakudya zopatsa thanzi, zamaganizo ndi zamankhwala) zomwe zimakonda. Zomera zina zokhala ndi shelufu yayitali zimatha kukhala zosavuta, monga tirigu kapena mbatata, koma zimakhala ndi vuto lofuna kuphikidwa musanadye. Chinthu chinanso choyenera kuganizira ndi njira yoberekera komanso momwe zomera zimayendera, chifukwa nyama (monga tizilombo) siziloledwa kukwera.
Mndandanda wa mbewu zomwe zingabzalidwe mumlengalenga zinakhazikitsidwa, zina zinali zitalimidwa kale m'bwato. Olembawo adasankha njira zopatsa thanzi komanso zaagronomic ngati zida zowasankha. Chifukwa chake, pazotsatira zamaganizidwe, mtengo kuchokera ku imodzi (mphindi) mpaka inayi (max) idanenedwa ndi kukoma ndi mawonekedwe a mbewu kapena gawo lodyera.
Gome la mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndi zakudya zawo, mankhwala, agronomic ndi maganizo makhalidwe oyenera utumwi yaitali mu danga.
Kukula zomera mu chombo
Space ikupereka magwero awiri akuluakulu omwe amavutitsa zomera: ma radiation a cosmic ndi microgravity.
Ma radiation amakhudza kukula kwa mbewu moyipa ndikuwonjezera kuopsa kwa masinthidwe amtundu, kotero kuteteza mbewu ku radiation kuyenera kukhala patsogolo. Ngakhale ma radiation atha kusungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito lead ndi/kapena zishango zamadzi, izi zikuyimira misa yowonjezereka yoti ayike mozungulira. Yankho labwino, lomwe linachokera ku Lockheed Martin's Mars Base Camp (2018), ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusungirako mafuta ngati chishango cha radiation.
Komano, microgravity sichisokoneza kukula kwa mbewu, ngakhale ikhoza kuchedwetsa. Komabe, kuyankha kwa chomeracho kumasiyana malinga ndi zamoyo, popeza microgravity imakhudza mawonekedwe amtundu wa mbewuyo. Zapezeka kuti, mu microgravity, zomera zimawonetsa majini okhudzana ndi kupsinjika maganizo, monga ma jini a kutentha kwa kutentha, ndikuwonjezera kupanga kwawo mapuloteni okhudzana ndi kupsinjika maganizo. Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zapezeka kuti zili ndi ma metabolites osiyanasiyana komanso kuchedwa kumera.
Microgravity imakhudzanso chilengedwe cha zomera, monga kusowa kwa kayendedwe ka mlengalenga, kupanga mawonekedwe achilendo amlengalenga ndi kuvutikira kwakuthirira (popanda chithandizo kapena popanda chithandizo). Kunja kulibe kutulutsa mpweya, kotero ngati malo okulirapo alibe mpweya wokwanira mpweya uliwonse wopangidwa ndi mbewuyo ukhalabe padziko lapansi. Zasonyezedwa kuti kudzikundikira kwa gaseous ethylene kuzungulira masamba a zomera kumapangitsa kuti masamba akule bwino. Mipweya ina, monga carbon dioxide, yomwe imakhala yochuluka kwambiri m'ndege, ikhoza kupha zomera zina. Vuto lomwelo limabuka pakuthirira mbewu, kotero kupanga njira yosamiza mizu ndikofunikira.
Yankho la chomera ku malo amlengalenga ndizovuta kwambiri kuwunika. Zina za chilengedwe, monga malo ocheperako, zitha kuloza kusankha kwathu ku mitundu yocheperako. Komabe, mbali zina monga momwe zomera zimayankhira ku microgravity zimasiyana malinga ndi mitundu ndi mitundu. Ngakhale kuti kuyesa kuyenera kupitiriza, chiwerengero china cha zomera chayesedwa kale ndikufotokozedwa kuti chimatha kukula mumlengalenga ndipo tikhoza kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati maziko.
Kupanga chipinda chodzisamalira chokha chomwe chimaphimba zosowa zonse zopatsa thanzi za akatswiri a zakuthambo zingatenge zaka zambiri koma kugwiritsa ntchito zipinda zing'onozing'ono monga njira zowonjezera zingathandize ogwira ntchito kukhala ndi vuto la kuchepa kwa mavitamini ndi zakudya (zomwe zimasinthidwa mu chakudya chamagulu) ndi kuchepetsa kutopa kwa zakudya.
Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, Thomas Pesquet, Akihiko Hoshide ndi Megan McArthur a Space X Crew-02 akuwoneka ndi zokolola zawo za tsabola wofiira ndi wobiriwira ku ISS mu 2021 pakufufuza kwa Plant-Habitat 04.
Njira yothandizira moyo wa biogenerative
Kudya chakudya chowumitsidwa mufiriji pachakudya chilichonse kumapangitsa kutopa kwa menyu ndipo openda zakuthambo amakonda kudya pang'ono pakapita nthawi.
Mu chombo, chipinda chimakhala chochepa. Chifukwa chake, kupambana kwa ntchitoyi kumadalira machitidwe osinthika ophatikizidwa mu Life Support Systems (LSS) omwe amatha kukonzanso zinthu zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) yomwe imayikidwa mu International Space Station (ISS) imapanga mpweya ndi madzi pobwezeretsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi mkodzo; dongosolo lofananalo lidzafunika kwa maulendo ataliatali a mumlengalenga.
Lingaliro la bioregenerative LSS (BLSS) lidabadwa m'ma 1960 kuti liphatikizepo kupanga chakudya ndikubwezeretsanso zinyalala (mwachitsanzo, ndowe) kupita ku ECLSS. BLSS yokhala ndi mabakiteriya ndi algae ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonzanso nayitrogeni mu zinyalala zolimba kubwereranso ku mtundu wina wa nayitrogeni womwe zomera zimatha kuyamwa. Kuyesera kotsatira mfundo imeneyi - Micro Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) - yapangidwa ndikuchitidwa ndi European Space Agency kuyambira 1990s.
Komabe, pamene tikuphatikiza zomera zapamwamba mu BLSS, tidzafunika kuphunzira kugwirizanitsa kwawo ndi matekinoloje ena omwe alipo kale, zomwe zikuyimira vuto latsopano. Kuwona mtengo ndi kukhazikika kwa njira zing'onozing'ono zopangira mbewu zokolola kudzapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pakusinthika kupita ku BLSS yayikulu.
Chithunzi chojambula chachiwiri cha porous chubu chokulirapo chomera.
Kupanga chipinda chokulirapo mbewu
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya hydroponic kubzala mbewu ndizotheka, chifukwa imamera m'madzi m'malo modalira dothi. Zotsirizirazi zimawonjezera kulemera kwa chombocho ndi kuopsa kwa tinthu tating'ono toyandama mozungulira, mbali ziwiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosapindulitsa. Advanced Plant Habitat (APH) yoyikidwa mu ISS yamera kale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tirigu wocheperako pogwiritsa ntchito hydroponic system yokhala ndi porous chubu kuthirira ophatikizidwa mugawo la mizu lomwe lili ndi arcillite ndi feteleza wotuluka pang'onopang'ono.
Pofuna kuchepetsa ntchito za ulimi wamaluwa ndi kuonetsetsa kuti zomera zikumera pamalo abwino, chikhalidwe cha mbewu chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi makompyuta. Dongosolo lowunikira lotereli lidayesedwa mu 2018 ku Antarctica. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolima mbewu kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchitoyo amapindula ndi kupezeka kwa zomera mumlengalenga (poziwongolera) ndikupewa nkhani yaulimi kukhala yowononga nthawi. Zowonadi, chipinda chomwe chimafunikira kumera mbewu sichinafotokozedwe mwatsatanetsatane ndipo kuyesa kangapo m'malo ngati malo (monga HI-SEAS) kwawonetsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhoza kukhala yayitali.
Zomera zomwe zikukula zatsimikiziridwa kukhala zopindulitsa kwambiri, chifukwa zimatha kupatsa openda zakuthambo kumverera koyenda ndi gawo la Dziko lapansi.
Pomaliza, NASA's Vegetable Production System, kapena Veggie, (yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2014), yomwe imapereka malo okulirapo a 0.11 m², ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha gawo lokulitsa mbewu lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pachombo cham'mlengalenga, monga momwe adayesedwa kale pa ISS. Pazofunikira za kuwala, ma LED amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafunde awiri osiyana: ofiira (630 nm) ndi buluu (455 nm) pamene zomera zimakula bwino pansi pa mafundewa. Kuwala kwa LED kobiriwira kungakhalenso kofunikira kuti mbewuyo iwonekere mtundu wake wachilengedwe, kumathandizira kuzindikira matenda ndikukumbutsa ogwira ntchito padziko lapansi.
Mizuna (kabichi ya ku Japan), letesi yofiira ya romaine ndi Tokyo bekana (kabichi yaku China) yokulira mu gawo la Veggie ku ISS.
Zomwe zimachitika mumlengalenga zimadzetsa nkhawa kwa anthu komanso zomera, motero mapangidwe a zomera zomwe zimatha kumera mumlengalenga ndikuthandizira kuchepetsa nkhawa zomwe openda zakuthambo amakumana nazo pakali pano.
Majini omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kupsinjika kwa zomera adziwika koma kuti achepetse kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zomwe asayansi akuyenera kusintha mafotokozedwe a majini omwe alipo kale kapena kuwonjezera majeremusi osintha malo mu ma genomes. Izi zitha kutheka pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa majini ndipo majini ena osankhidwa adadziwika kale ndikuphunziridwa. Mwachitsanzo, ARG1 (Altered Response to Gravity 1), jini yomwe imadziwika kuti imakhudza mayankho a mphamvu yokoka muzomera Padziko Lapansi, ikukhudzidwa ndi kufotokozera kwa majini a 127 okhudzana ndi kusintha kwamlengalenga. Ambiri mwa majini omwe adasinthidwa pakuwulukira kwamlengalenga adapezeka kuti amadalira Arg1, zomwe zikuwonetsa gawo lalikulu la jinilo pakusinthika kwa ma cell osasiyanitsidwa kupita kumlengalenga. HsfA2 (Heat Shock Factor A2) imakhudza kwambiri kusintha kwamlengalenga, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu starch biosynthesis. Cholinga chake ndi kuwononga majini oyambitsa kupsinjika ndi kulimbikitsa opindulitsa.
Majini ena, otchedwa gene-adaptation genes, monga majini okhudzana ndi ma radiation, perchlorate, dwarfism ndi kutentha kozizira, ndiwofunika kuphunziridwa chifukwa angathandize zomera kukana kuuma kwa mlengalenga. Mwachitsanzo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakonda kukhala ndi hypersaline timakhala ndi majini oteteza UV komanso perchlorate resistance. Mitundu yambiri yocheperako (monga ya tirigu) idalimidwa kale pa ISS ndipo phwetekere wamtundu wa "Red Robin" atha kulimidwa mu ISS ngati gawo la kuyesa kwa NASA Veg-05.
Tithanso kupanga zomera za thanzi la oyenda mumlengalenga. Kulimbikitsa kudzikundikira kwa mankhwala opindulitsa, kupanga zomera zodyedwa ndi thupi lonse kuti zichepetse zinyalala, kapena kupanga zomera zopangira mankhwala otsutsana ndi zotsatira za mlengalenga kwa oyenda mumlengalenga ndi njira zothekera zopangira zomera kukhala zothandiza kwa ogwira ntchito.
Dongosolo la Whole-Body Edible and Elite Plant (WBEEP) linagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomera za mbatata, kupanga tsinde la mbatata ndi masamba kuti azidyedwa pochotsa solanine. Kuti alepheretse kupanga kwake, mwina majini omwe amawapanga amatsekedwa kapena kusinthidwa ndikusintha kwa majini. Kupanga mbatata ya WBEEP imeneyi kuli ndi ubwino wake chifukwa ndi chomera cholimidwa mosavuta chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo chatsimikizira kuti chimakula m'malo ovuta monga mlengalenga. Zomerazo zinalimbikitsidwanso kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za thupi la munthu.
Ma radiation amakhudza kukula kwa mbewu moyipa ndikuwonjezera chiwopsezo cha masinthidwe amtundu, kotero kuteteza mbewu ku radiation kuyenera kukhala patsogolo.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za thanzi la astronauts mu microgravity ndi kuchepa kwa mafupa. Mafupa athu nthawi zonse amakhala ogwirizana pakati pa kukula ndi resorption, kulola mafupa kuyankha kuvulala kapena kusintha kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kuwononga nthawi mu microgravity kumasokoneza izi, kugwedeza mafupa kuti abwererenso, kotero kuti astronaut amataya mafupa. Izi zitha kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala otchedwa parathyroid hormone, kapena PTH, koma zimafunikira jakisoni wanthawi zonse ndipo zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimakhala zovuta pakuwulutsa kwakutali. Chifukwa chake, letesi ya transgenic yomwe imapanga PTH idapangidwa.
Kupanga zomera zomwe zimatha kumera mumlengalenga ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa oyenda mumlengalenga kudakali koyambirira kwa kafukufuku. Komabe, ziyembekezo zake n’zabwino kwambiri ndipo zikuphunziridwa ndi mabungwe onse akuluakulu a zakuthambo. Kumanga chipinda chokulirapo m'malo osavomerezeka kumafunabe ntchito. Chimodzi mwazovuta chidzakhala kuwonjezera gawo la bioregenerative la BLSS ku LSS yomwe ilipo kale. Vuto linanso ndilofunika kusankha bwino mbewu kuti zibzalidwe m'bwalo kuti zithe kupirira mlengalenga ndi kupereka zokolola zambiri. Koma chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa chidziwitso pakuweta mbewu, kusintha kwa majini mu mbewu zomwe zasankhidwa kumathandizira kuti zisinthe kuti zigwirizane ndi momwe zinthu zilili mumlengalenga ndikugwirizana ndi zakudya komanso thanzi la ogwira ntchito.
Gwero: https://room.eu.com