Matenda a zomera & kasamalidwe ka tizirombo pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumadzetsa nkhawa kwambiri za chitetezo cha chakudya, ubwino wa chilengedwe ndi kukana mankhwala. Nkhawa izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zina zothanirana ndi matenda a zomera ndi njira zothana ndi tizirombo. Makamaka, zomera zakudya zingakhudzire matenda kulolerana kapena kukana zomera ku tizirombo ndi matenda.
Izi zikuwonekera pa kukakamizidwa kowonjezereka kwa alimi kuti alime bwino maluwa, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zokhala ndi mankhwala ochepa ophera tizilombo. Misika yotumiza kunja nthawi zambiri imayang'ana zotsalira za mankhwala muzokolola ndi kuchuluka kwa MRL kungachepetse mwayi wamsika. Ndi chatsopano Miyezo ya Horticultural ku Kenya kusindikizidwa mu gazete - palinso kukakamizidwa kochulukirapo kuchokera kumisika yakumaloko pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi zotsalira.
Mineral Nutrition & Plant Disease
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse isanayambe, kuthetseratu tizirombo ndi matenda kunatheka chifukwa cha kasamalidwe koyenera ka mbeu, kasinthasintha wa mbeu ndi sulfure ndi mkuwa. Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, kafukufuku wambiri adachitika pamankhwala olimbana ndi mankhwala. Chomwe chinachokera pa kafukufukuyu chinali kupanga mankhwala omwe anali othandiza polimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda mu mbewu.
Panali kusintha kwakukulu kwa ulimi. Tizilombo ndi matenda zinathetsedwa, ndipo kupanga zakudya kunakhala kotetezeka kwambiri ndipo zokolola zinawonjezeka. Panangopita zaka zochepa pamene tinazindikira zotsatira za mankhwala amenewa pa thanzi la munthu. Si mankhwala onse amene ali oipa, ndipo popanda kuletsa tizirombo ndi matenda moyenera sitingathe kudyetsa dziko. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti tikule moyenera ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo momwe tingathere.
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse isanachitike kafukufuku wochuluka adachitidwa pa ntchito ya zakudya za zomera mu matenda a zomera ndi kasamalidwe ka tizirombo, ndipo ntchitoyi tsopano ikuyenderanso ndikukulitsidwa.
Matenda a Zomera & Kasamalidwe ka Tizirombo mu Ulimi Wokhazikika
Kapangidwe ka Dothi & Kutayira
Matenda ambiri amayamba chifukwa cha zovuta za mizu, mapangidwe a nthaka, opanda mpweya, kusowa kwa ngalande ndi kudula kwa madzi. Dothi lakuya, lotayidwa bwino lomwe limapangika bwino ndi zinyenyeswazi ndiye njira yanu yoyamba yodzitetezera kumatenda a zomera. Kenako kuchuluka kwa chinyezi ndi kutentha kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nthawi zambiri chinyezi ndi kutentha kumalimbikitsa matenda komanso kumachepetsa nthawi ya dzira la dzira la moyo wa tizilombo. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti ku East Africa kulibe nyengo yozizira kwambiri - yomwe ingaphe matenda ambiri ndi tizilombo.
PH dothi
Kenako, nthaka pH imakhala ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi momwe matenda amakulirakulira. Dothi lokhala ndi asidi limakonda kupondereza matenda angapo - komabe limalepheretsa kupezeka kwa zakudya komanso zokolola - choncho yandikirani mosamala. Dothi, madzi ndi kudontha pH zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwa michere ku zomera ndipo zimatha kupanga mochulukira ndi zofooka zomwe zingalimbikitse kukula kwa tizilombo ndi matenda. Ndi bwino kusunga pH pamalo oyenera kuti zomera zikule bwino mbewu zosamva matenda.
Chomera Chakudya
Chakudya choyenera cha zomera ndicho chitetezo chanu chotsatira. Chakudya chilichonse chomwe chilibe vuto kapena chochulukirapo chimakulitsa chiwopsezo cha zomera ku matenda ndi tizirombo. Zakudya zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimakhudza tizirombo ndi matenda m'zomera ndi: - mawonekedwe a Nayitrojeni, Potaziyamu, Calcium, Sulphur, Chlorine, Nickel, Manganese ndi Silicon.
kashiamu ndi chiyambi cha matenda oletsa michere. Kuchuluka kwa calcium m'nthaka kumatsimikizira zinthu zambiri! 1) The pH, 2) Kapangidwe 3) The aeration. Yang'anani milingo ya Calcium ndikuwonetsetsa kuti muli ndi zokwanira komanso zapamwamba kwambiri.
Calcium muzomera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga Calcium Pectate - izi zimatsimikizira kuti makoma a maselo ali olimba bwanji, komanso momwe angatetezere tizilombo ndi matenda. Matenda ambiri m'mbewu zambiri amatha kupewedwa pokhala ndi Calcium yokwanira m'thupi la mbewu. Kashiamu wochepa m'nthaka kumapangitsa nthaka kukhala yosakanikirana ndi madzi, yomwe imakhala yosagwira bwino ntchito komanso zomera zofooka.
Calcium amadziwika kuti amapondereza kalabu muzu kabichi, fusarium akufuna mu tomato, erwinia zofewa zowola mu mbatata ndi botrytis choipitsa mu zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zambiri. Calcium yokwanira ndiyofunikira pa shelufu yabwino ya zokolola. Calcium imatengedwa kudzera mumtsinje wa transpiration ndipo imatha kukhala tanthauzo munyengo yozizira, yamtambo kapena yachinyontho.
Potaziyamu amathandizira kwambiri poletsa tizilombo ndi matenda. Zomera zomwe zilibe potaziyamu zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matenda komanso nyengo! M'madera ambiri timakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi potaziyamu wokwanira kapena wochuluka m'nthaka. Komabe, imatha kukhazikika mosavuta mumitundu ina ya dothi, mwachitsanzo, dongo. Mosiyana ndi zakudya zambiri za zomera - potaziyamu sakhala mbali ya chomera chilichonse ndipo amakhalabe mumadzi a zomera. Imasuntha kwambiri muzomera ndipo imayenda mwachangu kuchokera ku masamba akulu kupita ku ang'onoang'ono ndikuzindikira kupereŵera muyenera kusanthula masamba onsewo ndikuyerekeza.
Potaziyamu wochulukira amathanso kupondereza kapena kulimbikitsa matenda malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa michere ya mmera. Potaziyamu ambiri amapondereza matenda ambiri koma amalimbikitsa Erwinia kuvunda, downy cinoni ndi nematodes. Chiŵerengero cha nayitrogeni: Potaziyamu (N:K) ndichofunikanso pa matenda ndi tizilombo. Kuchuluka kwa N:K kungalimbikitse matenda. Kuchuluka kwa K:N kumachepetsa kuopsa kwa matenda ndipo molumikizana ndi phosphorous yokwanira imatha kuchepetsa kuberekana kwa nsabwe za m'masamba.
asafe zochulukira zimatengera tulutsani zomera zofooka, zomwe zimakula mofulumira zomwe zimagwidwa ndi tizilombo komanso matenda. Matenda ambiri ofooketsa amapezeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni kumalimbikitsa botrytis muzomera zomwe sizingamve. Maonekedwe a nayitrogeni omwe amaperekedwa ku zomera amathanso kukhudza kwambiri matenda. Nayitrojeni imatha kuyamwa ndi zomera monga mawonekedwe ochepetsedwa a NH4 kapena mawonekedwe a oxidized NO3. NH4 imachepetsa pH pamene NO3 imawonjezera pH. Matenda amachita mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe a N. Nitrate imapondereza fusarium wilts ndi Rhizoctonia mizu yowola pomwe ammonium imapondereza matenda ena ambiri obwera munthaka.
Chlorine sichimatengedwa ngati chopatsa thanzi cha zomera ndipo chikhoza kukhala poizoni ku zomera zambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wapeza kuti muzomera zolimbana ndi chloride, klorini imatha kupondereza matenda a zomera monga fusarium korona wowola mu katsitsumzukwa, Rhizoctonia korona wowola mu beets, Fusarium Yellows mu udzu winawake, ndi smut ndi mapesi kuvunda mu chimanga. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa kloridi kumapangitsa kuti manganese achuluke m'masamba.
Managanese. Kuyesa kwa mbewu ndi kafukufuku wawonetsa kulumikizana kwabwino pakati pa kuchuluka kwa Manganese m'minofu yamasamba yathanzi motsutsana ndi minyewa yodwala matenda. Matenda a fungal komanso, makamaka, matenda a bakiteriya amachepetsedwa pamene manganese amatengedwa mokwanira, pamene matenda a tizilombo amatha kulimbikitsidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa zomera.
Manganese amakhala ochuluka m'nthaka, chomwe chimalepheretsa kukhala bwino kwa kutengeka. Zochita zomwe zimapangitsa kuti manganese atengeke amachepetsa matenda. Mulching, pH yokwanira bwino, organic matter, kutentha kwa dothi ndi zochitika zazing'ono zam'nthaka. Glyphosate ikhoza kuchepetsa kutengeka kwa manganese ndikulimbikitsa kutenga zonse. Mbatata ya mbatata imachepetsedwa ndi kutsitsa pH ya nthaka, kuthirira kapena kudyetsa masamba a manganese. Mankhwala ena a fungicides mwachitsanzo Mancozeb amathandizira kwambiri mu mawonekedwe a manganese.
faifi tambala imafunika pang'ono kwambiri ndipo imakhala yokwanira m'dothi zambiri zamaluwa. Imatengedwa ngati ultra-micronutrient ndipo palibe chidwi chochuluka chomwe chaperekedwa kwa icho. Zimaganiziridwa kuti nickel ndi yofunikira pakuyendetsa njinga ya nayitrogeni mu minofu ya zomera komanso kuchititsa kuti zomera zitetezeke pothandizira kupanga phytoalexin. Mchere wa nickel ndi mankhwala ophera fungicide omwe amapopera dzimbiri. Kuchuluka kwa nickel kumatha kuchepetsedwa mu dothi lozizira louma komanso pamaso pa zinki, mkuwa, manganese, chitsulo, cobalt, magnesium ndi calcium. Ntchito zambiri ziyenera kuchitidwa pa nickel.
Sulfure Ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera matenda - ndikofunikira kupangitsa kuti zomera zisakane ndi bowa poyambitsa njira zachilengedwe za kagayidwe kachakudya. Izi tsopano zimatchedwa SIR - sulfur induced resistance. Sulfure imakhalanso ndi poizoni wowopsa pa bowa ndi nthata - chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito zoyatsira sulfure m'nyumba zina zobiriwira.
Silicon ndi wachiwiri kwa mchere wochuluka kwambiri m'nthaka. Milingo yokwanira ya silicon muzomera imapereka kukana kwabwino kwa matenda ambiri, ndipo gwero ndi kuchuluka kwa silicon komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kumatha kukhudza kwambiri kuwongolera matenda ambiri a fungal mumitundu yambiri ya zomera. Njira zogwira mtima / zotsika mtengo / komanso zothandiza zimafunikira pakugwiritsira ntchito silicon ku mbewu zomwe zitha kuwunjikana, popeza zadziwika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito silicon polimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda kungakhale njira yabwino yochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito fungicide m'madera ambiri aulimi. Kafukufuku wochulukirapo ayenera kuchitidwa pa izi.
Silikoni m'njira zosiyanasiyana yakhala njira yabwino yothanirana ndi tizilombo. Miyezo yambiri ya silicon mu mapesi ndi masamba imatha kufooketsa tizilombo totafuna, silicon imatha kusungunula chitin, kuchititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso silicon imatha kuletsa ma spiracles a tizilombo - kulepheretsa mpweya kulowa m'matupi awo.
Kuchuluka kwa EC (salinity) kapena Sodium (sodicity) ingakhudze kwambiri kutengera kwa michere ya zomera ndi kukula kwabwino kwa zomera ndikulimbikitsa matenda, nematode ndi tizilombo.
Monga mukuonera - zakudya za zomera zimagwira ntchito yaikulu pozindikira kulekerera kwa zomera ku tizilombo ndi matenda, ndipo zambiri zingatheke pokonza zakudya za zomera kuti zichepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuti mumve zambiri pa izi, komanso kuyesa momwe mbewu zanu zilili chonde titumizireni support@cropnuts.com.